Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Holod Nadezhda
Articles in journal: (total 10)
The main experimental material for research was obtained through the phytosanitary monitoring of industrial plantations of the Krasnodar Territory and a collection of genetic strawberry resources in the Maikop Experimental Station of VIR in 2013-2015 on natural infectious background. The object of research were more than 400 strawberry varieties by domestic and foreign breeding. As a result of phytosanitary monitoring of strawberry plantations in the Southern Region, the damage of Asia, Clery, Alba, Roxana, and Honey plants with anthracnose black rot was widely recognized. These varieties for different years, since 2003, were imported from Italy. At present, there are no strains and forms of strawberry immune to anthracnose, but the varieties differ in the degree of resistance to this disease. Moreover, the varieties that are resistant to the some strains of the fungi can be affected by other strains of fungi. Phytosanitary monitoring showed that in 2013, four varieties (Asia, Alba, Roxana, Honey), infected with anthracnose black rot, were planted in the collection of genetic strawberry resources of the Maikop ES of VIR, and 198 out of more than 400 varieties were affected in 2015, which is 50 % of the total. Taking into account the latent form of the disease for several years, presumably now all 100 % of the strawberry strains are infected. As a result of our field assessment of the degree of strawberry defeat by anthracnose black rot, we did not isolate the disease resistant varieties, which could be the initial material, promising for their use in further breeding study.
It is revealed the varieties stamples steady to powdery mildew, which are a qualitatively new origin material, promising for use in breeding.
The research of a rizospfere's nematofauna and mycobiota, and also interaction between their components in the strawberry agricultural cenoses in the South of Russia is the urgent problem that have not only scientific, but also practical value. For the first time in the bio cenotic research in a united complex the nematode-mycotic infection was studying. In the course of the research the main groups of the phytopathogens in the phytopathocomplex of strawberry are revealed. On the roots and in a root rizosphere there are nematodes, funguses and bacterias. The components of the main trophic levels in the rizosphere's nematocomplexes of a strawberry are identified. It is established that the situations of a monoinfection and pronounced domination of components of the studied strawberry's phytophatocomplex in the region are very rarely noted. It is marked that spreading, injuriousness and ratios of various phytopathogens groups and various ecological and trophic groups of nematodes to a marked degree fluctuate in connection of the seasons and cultivation conditions. The next regularities have revealed in the processes of carried out research: in case the number of phytoparasitic nematodes is higher, the studied strawberry varieties were defeated by Fusarium agent stronger. In the conditions of the region it isn't revealed the strawberry varieties without root decay. All strawberry varieties were defeated in a different degree. In the orchards of Marmolada, Honey and Aromas strawberries 9-11% of the roots of plants affected with mycoses are noted. It is shown that separate strains of bacteria's and fungus antagonists effectively suppressed the parasitic micro flora of the part pf plants above ground-level and also when processing of strawberry root system by them. The majority of the estimated domestic biopesticides have had the high biological efficiency when the plants were processing before planting.
Ditilenchus, caused by the stem nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci, is a particularly dangerous disease of strawberry in the Southern Region of Russia. The disease is common on industrial plantations, in farmer and subsidiary farms of the region, as well as in the breeding collections of the Maikop experimental station. In the area of activity of the NCFSCHVW, industrial plantations of strawberry are free from ditilenchus for more than thirty years. The purpose of our research is to identify the resistant to the stem nematode of species of agricultural crops provided the production and adaptive potential of strawberry garden. The article presents data on the influence of various plant species strawberry ditilenchus and the identification of resistant crops to stem nematodes. 29 kinds of agricultural crops were studied, an invasion of almost all plant species at a young age was noted, with the exception of soft wheat and tomato and cabbage seedlings. The appearance of symptoms of strawberry defeat is shown no earlier than 4-6 weeks after inoculation. Our obtained results confirm the data of foreign research that the stem nematode is capable to cause significant damage to plant species under the condictions of significant soil contamination, regardless of whether they contribute the reproduction of the corresponding races of ditilenchus. It is established: onion, buckwheat, peas, oats, to a lesser extent solanaceous and umbrella crops (except carrots), were susceptible to stem nematode close to strawberry on both indicators. Pumpkin, alfalfa and red clover are non-tolerant crops, without maintaining the reproduction of the parasite. Wheat, barley, corn, beet, cabbage, carrots, radish have shown the resistance to ditilenchus, and these crops can contribute to increase in the productive and adaptive potential of strawberry.
The root rots are the dominant deseases of garden strawberry in the Krasnodar Region. About 80% of garden strawberry crop is lost from mycoses of roots and loss of plants in the nursery plantings is 1/3 or more. In the productions technology of strawberry berries the regulation of patocenoses is based on the application of ecological systems of culture's protection from the harmful organisms, that allow to keep a high quality of crop. The purpose of research is development of regulations of application of microbiological preparations for management of pathosystems in the agric cenoses of strawberry, ensuring the preservation of plants healthy and their productivity. The standard, author's and adapted techniques are used in the course of research. As a result of determination of biological efficiency of fungicides for control of root rots the high efficiency of fundazol is established: for Marmolada's variety is 70.4 %, for Bogota is 73,5%. Biological efficiency of microbiological fungicides was lower, than in case of application of fundazol chemical preparation. High vitality of strawberry plants is established in case of use of microbiological fungicides hetomin in the mix with biosil and vermiculen in the mix with biosil (91,3% and 87,2% respectively). The received results are interesting and give the basis for application of microbiological preparations for protection of strawberry from complex of root mycoses. Testing of microbiological preparations under the field conditions during treatment of strawberry roots showed the prospects of their use against pathogens of fundal nature causing diseases of strawberry under the conditions of Krasnodar Region. The conclusion is: the microbiological preparations show the antagonistic properties towards phytopathogens and stimulate the grouth effect on protected strawberry's plants.