Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

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THE DEVELOPMENT OF G.V. TRUSEVICH'S SCIENTIFIC SCHOOL IN THE INTENSIVE GARDENING

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This article present the assessment of competitiveness of scientific results in the field of intensive gardening, carried out for the last 15 years in the research of scientific-gardener of FSBSI NCFSCHVW � the followers of the founder of the intensive gardening, scientific school of Gavriil Vladimirovich Trusevich, Dr Sci. Agr., Proffessor, Honored Active Scientist of Russian Federation. The results of scientific and technical activity, which is characterized by technical solutions for modern fruit growing, is considered in the context of an intellectual product, from point of view of its technological and economic parameters that determine the criterions for competitiveness. This analysis is presented in the context of the conditions determined patentability, which is one of the ways to confirm a copyright and commercialize the developed technologies, by the way of further concluding licenses for the use of these technologies. The basis of elaborates is the received technical solutions to the problems of intensification of fruit production technologies, the level of their licensing and involvement them in economic activities. The possibility and necessity of involving the intellectual property objects in economic turnover is considered also as a driving force to increase in competition for the market of the scientific products. This article presents the most significant developments, first of all, reflecting the achievements in partial of the main technological elements of modern apple production � the leading fruit crop in the South of Russia, which include: selection and introduction of high-yielding varieties and the rootstocks reduced a growth vigor; the techniques of compact trees placing per unit of production area and the formation of low-volume crowns. The economic efficiency of developments confirmed by the acts of implementation in the advanced fruit-growing enterprises of the region is reflected also. The research results obtained will allow us to improve the effectiveness of scientific and technical activity management of the FSBSI NCFCHVW, to identify the vector preferred of the scientific school development for the intensification and improvement of the horticulture industry technological structure.

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The article presents the results of a multi-year comprehensive assessment of the SC (North Caucasus) apple rootstocks of the FSBSI NCFCHVW breeding. The variety of rootstocks biological properties allows you to create the perennial orchards for certain cultivation technologies, as well as f or specific soil and climatic conditions. The use of genetic weak vigor of rootstocks allows you to regulate the vigor of tree, their rate of fruitfulness and productivity. In the context of climate change, the importance of rootstock resistance to weather stresses makes more and more significant. Based on the results of a long-standing comprehensive assessment of positive and negative signs, there were recommended for use in the breeding of highly adaptive weakly growing apple rootstocks: the rootstock of SK 2U as origin of signs of fast fruiting, winter hardiness, drought resistance; rootstocks of SK 3, SK 4 and SK 7 � as origin of weak growth, fast fruiting and winter hardiness. The results of research on the influence of rootstocks and the depth degree when planting the seedlings with high oculation (40 cm) the growth and yield of apple trees in the garden are presented. Against the background of increasing the stresses of the summer growing season, deeper planting provided the better conditions for the implementation of the apple-trees biopotential. In the Prikubanskoe apple variety on the semi-dwarf rootstock of SK 2U, the yield at a planting depth of 25-29 cm is expected to be 22.2 % higher than at standard depth, and in the Kuban Bagryanoe (as a less drought-resistant variety) much more � up to 2 times. The advantage of more deep planting of trees on the rootstock of SK 4 is confirmed by the value of the total yield for 5 years of fruiting � the excess to control is 22-60 %. The introduction of the apple rootstocks domestic breeding with high adaptive capacity under the conditions of the North Caucasus, provides the higher yield capacity and stability of production, meeting the criterions of the import substitution strategy of the Russian Federation.

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Native and international experience shows that the most resource-saving way to significantly reduce the growth vigor of apple trees is to graft them on rootstocks of dwarf and semi-dwarf growth vigor. It reduces the planting scheme and sharply increases the number of plants planted per unit area, which is the main structural feature of intensive plantation of perennial fruit crops. In the framework of the joint program of apple rootstock breeding carried out since 2001 by the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution �North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Wine-making� and the Stavropol Experimental Station of horticulture � Branch of Federal State Scientific Institution �North-Caucasian FNAC� the apple rootstocks of the St series were created. The article presents the results of studying the growth and yield of Zolotoy Potok apple trees grafted on 28 new rootstocks of the St series. The experimental garden was laid in the fall of 2010, the planting scheme is 4x1.6 m. The hybrid forms of apple rootstocks were ranked according to the growth vigor of grafted trees. Rootstocks of dwarf and semi-dwarf growth vigor are of the greatest practical interest. In the experiment, 21 forms correspond to these parameters from 28 rootstocks studied. The analysis of long-term data is carried out on the yield of Zolotoy Potok apple-tree on hybrid rootstocks of the St series of different growth vigor. The statistically significant influence of the rootstock genotype the yield of variety-rootstock combinations was established. The highest average annual yield of Zolotoy Potok apple-tree was provided by rootstocks St 8-1 and St 27-1 (from the group of very weakly growth vigor), as well as dwarf St 21-1 and semi-dwarf rootstocks of St 18-5. The selection in the garden of the most productive new apple rootstocks of St series with high adaptive capacity under the North Caucasus conditions, will significantly increase in the apple fruit production and to rise the use efficiency of resource potential of the region.

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In the scientific institutions of different countries, purposeful selection work is carried out to improve the assortment of rootstocks, to study their adaptive capabilities, and to identify donors and origins of selection-significant features. According to the Agreement for creative cooperation, in RUE �Institute for Fruit Growing� (Belarus) the apple rootstocks of the St serie of the North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Wine-making and the Stavropol Experimental Station on Horticulture, a branch of the North Caucasus Federal Research Center breeding are testing. The article presents the results of the assessment of economic and biological peculiarity of 4 forms of St serie Apple rootstocks in the rootstocks uterine plantings in 2016-2018. Planting scheme is 1.4 x 0.3 m., the plot is not irrigated. The analysis of the main meteorological indicators � the temperature regime during the growing season, the amount of precipitation � indicates of their contrasting nature in the years of research. It allowed us to objectively carry out the comparative assessment of plant studied development. According to the results of the assessment of winter hardiness in the field, the absence of significant damage to plants was noted. Preliminary results on the data of the beginning and ending of plants vegetation, the assessment of thermal territory resources over the years of research show that the heat supply and duration of periods with an average daily air temperature above 5, 10 ºC correspond to the biological needs of the studied clonal rootstocks of the St serie. Based on the results of assessment of biometric indicators (shoot-forming ability, plant height, degree of branching, aging, rooting), the rootstock of St 19-5 was selected, which is characterized by the best indicators in the Belarus. According to the results of studies carried out in the Krasnodar at high temperatures against the background of drought in the summer growing season, St 18-3 rootstocks in 2015 and St 19-5 in 2017 were identified as origin of productivity and layers standard in the maternal rootstocks plantings.