Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

For creation of lasting and highly productive plantations with promising grape varieties and clones, transition to laying of industrial plantations with the certified planting stock is necessary. In ARRIN@W named after Ya.I. Potapenko since 1992 the works to perfect the method of grapes improvement and microreproduction are carring out. Most narrow point of technology of clonal microreproduction are stages of adaptation to unsterile conditions, growing of the revitalized plants and their planting to the open soil for laying of basic uterine grape plantations. Now laying of basic uterine plantings of grapes on sandy array of the Ust-Donetsky region of the Rostov Region proceeds. The sandy array for laying of basic uterine grape plantings is chosen for risk reduction connected with spreading of the malicious vermin � phylloxera. Researches and observations on basic uterine grape plantations have been made since 2004 under the conditions of Lower Kundryuchensky Department of the experimental ground now entering into CCU "The Don Ampelographic Collection of Ya.I. Potapenko". The plot is located in the territory of the Donetsk and Kundryuchensky sandy array which occupies the space about 15 thousand hectares between the Kundryuchya and Donts Rivers (near its mouth). The results of creation of basic uterine grape plantations of the rootstock and scion grape varieties revitalized in vitro culture are given. The problems which are often found on sandy soils and the ways of their decision are shown. The questions of planting of the revitalized grape plants under the conditions of greenhouses and the open soil are considered; the optimum terms and ways of their landing. The efficiency of different types of fertilizers is revealed. On the basis of generalizing of long-term data, the optimal solutions and technology of laying of basic uterine grape plantations from the revitalized in vitro of planting stock of grapes under the conditions of sandy array are developed and proposed. With the using of the developed ways and keeping the uterine plantations of grapes, survival of plants in the field conditions increased on average from 75 up to 95 %.

Annotation

Development of grapes plants post vitro during rearing, before planting in the open ground are studied. The difference in plant development due to varietal characteristics are established. The most varieties during rearing showed the growth power inherent in natural growing conditions. The optimum period of rearing for most varieties was 90 days herewith the most high and stable survival in field conditions are marked

Annotation

Micropropagation is a promising direction for obtaining a healthy, genetically homogeneous grape planting material. The efficiency of reproduction is determined by many factors, including the acclimatization of plants to natural environmental conditions. The difficulty of transferring in vitro plants to non-sterile conditions is associated with a number of physiological and anatomical features of in vitro plants, among which the low level of photosynthetic processes is of particular importance. The influence of various concentrations of sucrose in the culture medium and additives, simulating environmental stresses on the rates of photosynthesis of grapes during acclimatization, was studied. The content of sucrose 10g/l in the culture medium was the most optimal for the formation of the photosynthetic apparatus. Both low and high sucrose content in the culture medium negatively affected the formation of pigments and the efficiency of photosynthetic processes. The introduction of PEG and NaCl into the nutrient medium led to a decrease in the total content of pigments, the quantum yield of photochemical reactions, but increased the expression of RUBISCO activase. The use of ABA as part of the culture medium had a positive effect on the formation of pigments in grape plants during acclimatization. The effects of weak stresses on the photosynthetic parameters of grapes in in vitro culture and during the acclimatization period are identical to the effects of drought and salinity under natural conditions. At the same time, these types of influence have a positive effect on adaptive �anti-stress� reactions that prevent plant damage under ex vitro conditions, which ultimately increases the level of growth processes and the yield of seedlings during micropropagation of grapes.

Annotation

The planting of basic mother grape plantations is usually carried out on sandy massifs, which have a number of specific properties, both positive and negative. One of these properties is the heterogeneity of the soil cover. First of all, this is due to the fact that sands are subject to deflation to a greater extent than fixed soils. The soil horizon can be partially or completely destroyed, carried by the wind and deposited on top of other soils. Thus, a new soil cover is formed, but with other factors of soil formation. In this regard, when transferring healthy seedlings to the open ground, plants often die. To avoid this, the laying of elite mother plantations on the lands of sandy massifs must be carried out taking into account the characteristics of these lands, including taking into account soil heterogeneity. The soil cover was typified on the Nizhnekundryuchensk basic mother grape plantations, as a result of which all the diversity of soil conditions was reduced to 5 types (microzones). The purpose of our study is to determine the influence of soil and ground conditions on the growth and development of grape plants, as well as to substantiate the feasibility of using fertilizers. Observations were carried out from 2004 to 2022 on 5 grape varieties from different ecological and geographical groups. As a result, it was found that the development of basic plants strongly depends on the type of soil conditions, while the dynamics of bush preservation indicators after several years of growth was noted. At the first and second types, plant development was the best, quantitative and qualitative parameters of the harvested vine parameters were optimal. The use of fertilizers on the third type of soil and ground conditions allows to obtain a vine in quality not inferior to the vine obtained from the first type of conditions.

Annotation

To study the organic nutrition of grape plants in in vitro culture, we conducted research on the effect of glucose introduced into the nutrient medium on the morphogenesis of test-tube grape plants. The experiments were carried out on two model varieties (Sibirkovyi and Krasnostop Karpi) selected by us from the laboratory collection of in vitro healthy grape plants. These varieties, in addition to differences in genotypes, most noticeably differ in the features of development in in vitro culture, which we noted earlier when they were cultivated and deposited in the collection. The Sibirkovyi variety is one of the fastest growing, and Krasnostop Karpi is one of the slowest developing varieties in in vitro culture. In the experiment, glucose concentrations from 0.0 (sucrose control 10.0 g/l) to 40.0 g/l were used. The varietal response of the model varieties in the experiment with different concentrations of glucose in the nutrient medium was different. The variety Sibirkovyi was already one and a half times ahead of the variety Krasnostop Karpi in development in the first terms of accounting. At the same time, for the Sibirkovyi variety, the optimal range of concentrations for the development and preservation of microplants according to most indicators was the range from 5 to 20 g/l, and for the Krasnostop Karpi variety, the optimal range was narrower � 0-20 g/l. At high glucose concentrations of 30,0-40,0 g/l, the plants of both varieties experienced stress, which was manifested in the intensive release of phenols into the nutrient medium (this was most clearly manifested in the Sibirkovyi variety), and often the plants did not reach the top of the cultivation vessel during ontogenesis. besides, they showed earlier aging processes. At the same time, at high concentrations of glucose, a slowdown in growth processes and its ripening of shoots in individual microplants was noted.