Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The Astrakhan Region located in the central part of Northern Prikaspiya is one of the most attractive regions for development of industrial wine growing according to existence of suitable lands and a favorable climatic factor. However in the territory of region there are some climatic factors, influence of them decreases the yield or even the vineyards perish. The extreme manifestations of weather include the low temperatures in winter time, early autumn and late spring frosts. Therefore the study and introduction in the production of new high yielding frost and winter hardy grapes varieties have the great importance in increase of profitability of grapes plantings of cover vineyards zone. The article presents the results of the study of 40 grapes varieties in the irrigated area of the Caspian Research Institute of Arid Agriculture in the Astrakhan Region. The purpose of these study is agric-ecological assessment and scientific based selection of different varietal composition of the enological-oriented, adapted to soil and climatic conditions of the Astrakhan Region. The highest yield of the period study the varieties stood out: Muromets - 13.7 t / ha; Rizamat - 13.0 t/ha; Moskovsky - 12,1 t/ha; Sevan - 11.1 t/ha; Sylvaner - 12.4 t/ha; Early Magarach - 13.3 t/ha; Saperavi North - 11.0 t/ha. Maximum weight of the bunches in the early maturity group have the varieties and hybrids: Madlen Muskatny (the average weight of the bunch 350g), Sylvaner (388g), Codryanka (353g); in the middle group - Rizamat (1427g); in the group of late ripening - Moscovskiy and Sevan (520 and 535g, respectively). The maximum content of sugars in the berries have Astrakhanskiy Skorospely precocious (23.3%), Silvaner (25.3%), Madlen Muskatny (23.2%), Shasla Rozovaya (25.3%). As a result of research 11 high-table and technical varieties, the most adapted to the arid conditions of the Northern Caspian have been revealed.

Annotation

The results of the two stage study of apple-tree rootstocks on the irrigated plot of "Caspian scientific research institute of arid agriculture" are presented in the article. The purpose of the presented research consisted in the study and selection of apple-tree rootstocks with higher adaptative potential to arid conditions of the Astrakhan Region. As a result of study the high-adapted middle grown rootstocks 54-118 and 57-545 are selected and also semi-dwarfish rootstocks of 62-396, SK2, SK5 and dwarfish rootstocks of P60, CK3, CK4 characterized by high frost resistance of root system and drought resistance, good survival and compatibility with various apple-tree varieties. Over years of research the survival of rootstocks in the apple-tree collection nursery was good and averaged 87,8 %. Layers of an apple-tree of M9, M26, M4 and CK5 have had an absolute survival. The most powerful development and high number of standard rootstocks have P59 and P60 dwarf rootstocks, semi-dwarf rootstocks of 62-396 and SK2 and middle dwarf rootstocks of 54-118 and 57-545. Under the arid conditions of the Astrakhan Region the high survival of the leading zoned apple-tree varieties on the studied vegetative reproduced rootstocks (79-100 %) is established. The apple rootstocks of 62-396, SK3, R60, SK2, SK5, M9 had a rather good safety of survival buds (82-90%). Their safety was high at the middle grown rootstocks of 54-118, 57-545 (94,4-100%). The high quantity of saplings have had the combinations of apple varieties with rootstocks of P60, P59, 62-396, 54-118, CK2, CK3, CK7 (75-100%), low sapling quantity have had a superdwarf PB-4 rootstocks (59%), and also a dwarfish rootstock of P16 (60,5%).

Annotation

The estimation of economical valuable indicators of apple stocks of NCRIH&V breeding is presented in the article. Winter hardiness, indexes of growth, productivity and saplings quality are studied. The most promising rootstocks for arid conditions of the Astrakhan region are identified.

Annotation

Scientific-based use of the best varietyrootstock combinations of fruit crops is the one of the defining factors for improving the efficiency of gardening in the implementation of the import substitution strategy. Within the framework of the Agreement for creative cooperation, in the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution �Caspian Agricultural Federal scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences� the �pple rootstocks NC (North Caucasus) series of the North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Wine-making, providing high adaptability and productivity of grafted trees of various apple varieties are tested. The article presents the results of the third stage of the study of the different growth vigor apple rootstocks NC (North Caucasus) series. The research was carried out in 2015�2019 at the experimental plot of the fruit garden of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution �Caspian agricultural Federal scientific center of the Russian Academy of Sciences� in the orchards of 2011 planting. The purpose of the research is to study and select the apple varietyrootstock combinations that the most fully realize the production potential under the arid conditions. It was found that the rate of fruitfulness of all varieties was most affected by dwarf rootstocks of �� 3 and �� 4, the trees on which bloomed and formed the fruits in the first or second year after planting. Under the arid conditions of the Astrakhan Region, the greatest biometric parameters were found for the next varieties: Renet Simirenko in combination with all rootstocks, and Idared on medium-sized rootstocks. Idared and Melba varieties were characterized by more restrained growth in combination with the dwarf rootstocks and semi-dwarf �� 2. The maximum indexes of average yield in the first five years of commodity fruiting was obtained in the Renet Simirenko variety on dwarf rootstocks of �� 3, �� 4 (37.4...33.6 t / ha) and Idared on �� 1, �� 4 (32.8...46.3 t/ha).

Annotation

The biological potential of plum-tree allows to cultivate it according to innovative technologies involving the use of clone rootstocks and compacted planting schemes. The paper presents the results of observations of Eureka-99 and VVA-1 clonal rootstocks growing in the garden under the dry conditions of Astrakhan Region. The control was the trees grafted on apricot seedlings. The purpose of research is to assess the economic and biological indicators of Renclod Altana plum variety (peculiarities of tree`s growth and development, fast maturity, productivity, fruit weight) when growing on clone rootstocks and to base their use for laying the intensive plum plantations under the arid conditions of the Astrakhan Region. It was found that the clonal rootstock accelerate the beginning of the main development phenological phases of scion-rootstock combinations. Compared with the control, the winter dormancy period of plants studied ends 12 ... 14 days earlier, the beginning of vegetation and flowering are ahead of the control by 8...10 and 5...6 days, respectively. It is shown that the Renclod Altana variety on clonal rootstocks has more compact trees, their height at the age of six years is about 2.5...2.7 m, the crown volume is 2.1...2.4, m3, the cross-section area of the stem is 8.5...18.1 cm. In the first stage of research it is revealed the influence of weakly rootstocks tested the early fruiting of plum trees: flowering was observed in the second year, fruiting � in the third year, on the seed rootstock � in the fifth year. In the initial period of fruiting, the clonal rootstocks provided higher productivity of Renclod Altana plum trees which was 8.4 kg / tree on VVA-1 and 13.6 kg / tree on the Eureka-99. The largest plum fruits are formed on the semi-dwarf rootstock of Eureka-99 (30.4 g).