Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

There was carried out the selection of the best apple-tree varieties of winter maturing period for effective use in the adaptive horticulture. On the results of assessment the immune to scab variety Florina was admitted as promising for that purpose.

Annotation

In the European part of the South of Russia the droughts and high air temperatures during the summer are the major stressful factors of environment of fruit crops cultivation. In the organic gardens the use of chemicals is excluded, therefore the specific methods of decrease in adverse effect of various stressors on plants have to be used. The purpose of our research is the selection of an optimumal way of the soil maintenance in the row-space of not irrigated organic apple-tree garden providing the optimization of growth and fruitage of plants under the conditions of moisture deficit and intensity of a thermal factor during the summer period. The zoned Florina apple-tree, immune to a scab, on MM106 rootstock is taken for study. It is studied the ways of soil maintenance in the row-space of an organic garden: black steam, turf alternate row, turf interrow. Indicators of growth and a water exchange of plants are determined using the standard methods. As a result of the carried out research the expediency of introduction in the not irrigated organic apple-tree gardens of the Kuban zone of natural growing herbs sowing alternate row is based. This way of garden soil maintenance provides the increase in resistance of apple-tree plants to abiotic stressors of summer period and the stabilization of generative activity of plants. When we use the system of soil maintenance "sowing of grass alternate row-space" the moderate growth of shoots is noted interfaced to moderate and rather stable fruitage at the level of 23-26 t/hectare. Average apple productivity in this option of experience is 28,0% higher, than in control, and 27,3% more, than in "sowing inter row-space" option. Thus the conditions of trees lighting are improved, the favorable combination of indicators of the water and temperature modes of the soil is created, the efficiency of photosynthetic activity of plants increases.

Annotation

Now in the connection with a solution of the problem of import substitution the gardeners of the South of Russia have a task to increase in volumes of fruits production. However the solution of this task is restrained by frequent manifestation of weather stressors, including the intensity of a temperature factor. The purpose of research is to prove by phisiological and biochemical methods the prospects and terms of boric acid use for increase in productivity of stone fruit crops in the years, various on weather conditions, including the manifestation of low temperatures during the winter and spring period. Sweet cherry varieties of Frantsis and Kavkazskaya on sweet cherry seedlings and plum varieties of Stenly and Prikubanskaya on cherry plum seedlings are studied. It is revealed the positive influence of boron on economic efficiency of Frantsis sweet cherry: the autumn and spring processings of trees of boric acid have provided the increase in productivity by 14-17%. The similar data have been obtained also when processing of plum. Autumn processing of plum trees by boric acid causes the increase in RNA content for 5-7% in the top buds of one year shoots. It is shown that under the conditions of the Southern Region of the Russian Federation the processing of sweet cherry and plum trees by boric acid in autumn and spring terms exerts the positive impact on generative activity of plants. Increase in productivity is provided due to increase in quantity of flowers on a tree (at autumn processing) and efficiency of fertilization (at spring processing). The positive influence of boric acid (processing in the spring) on preservation of viable pollen when temperature stressor action (spring frosts) is established. The various reaction of varieties to processing is revealed.

Annotation

The research is devoted to the study of the influence of spring period low positive temperatures on the peculiarities of the apple trees winter varieties development in plantings of different type to substantiate the possibility of assessing the degree of their resistance to an unfavorable factor and agrotechnical approaches to its improvement. The laboratory and field experiments (2021-2022) were carried out in traditional and organic apple tree plantations of the third and fourth age periods that were laid down in the experimental training farm �Kuban� of the Kuban State Agrarian University (leached chernozem soils). According to the observations results, in the spring months of recent years in the southern region of Russia, a manifestation of hypothermia was noted, coinciding with the passage of the VI (micro- and macrosporogenesis) � VIII; IX (completion of gametogenesis, flowering and fertilization) stages of organogenesis in apple plants. The resistance of apple trees (Liberty, Florina varieties) to the action of low positive temperatures is determined by the ability of the plant organism to restrain the development of generative buds when unfavorable conditions occur. Plant stability manifestation is promoted by the use of the organic garden management system that ensures maximum implementation of self-regulation mechanisms of its components. At the same time, within the framework of traditional plantings, apple trees of various varieties (for example, Kubanskoe bagryanoe, Renet Simirenko) are less able to withstand adverse effects. It is determined that the application of spring foliar top dressing with organic fertilizer �Chelate Antistress� against the background of the manifestation of the temperature stress factor optimizes the photosynthetic activity of plants and the distribution of plastic substances between vegetative growth and the process of productivity formation, leading to a sharp weakening of the first � third waves of the forming ovaries and fruits falling, and as a result, a significant (20-28 %) increase in the economic yield and a decrease in the periodicity of fruiting.