Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

Biotechnological methods are used widely in the world for prolonged conservation of plants collections for further their use in the breeding and production of virus-free planting material and for conservation of gene pool and biodiversity of plants. One of the methodological approaches to the deposition of the plants is the maintenance of biological objects under the conditions of slow metabolism. It is known that in a nutrient medium, for the growth and preservation of plant material in vitro, the various organic substances having a high osmotic activity are added. The researchers note that increased concentration of sucrose (4-5%) in the nutrient medium inhibited the growth of cells without causing tox-ic effects, and therefore can be used to maintain cultures in a state of rest over a long period of time. The aim of our study was to identify the effect of sucrose concentrations the growth processes of grapes mericlones for prolonged storage of plants in the collection in vitro. When cultivated in vitro, we used the sucrose concentration from 10 to 90 g/l, and evaluated the reaction of different grapes varieties to higher concentrations. In our experiment we carried out the cultivation without replanting of 12 grapes varieties for 9 months at a sucrose concentration of 70 g/l while the plants were viable. It was proved that by reducing of sucrose content in the nutrient medium from 70,0 g/l to 60.0 g/l the duration of deposit of different grapes varieties elongated to 1 year. By carried out research we have been found the deceleration of growth processes and the possibility of elongation of cultivation without replanting to create a collection of grapes in vitro.

Annotation

The directed foliar nutrition of fruit trees with available macro-and microelements in the certain period of vegetation in the connection with forecast stress-factors promote the activation of complex of protective-adaptive modifications in a plant organism. As the result, the optimization of lifetime processes is achieved in the different phases of growth and development and lastly � the a more complete expression of their potential productivity even in adverse environmental conditions

Annotation

There was carried out the selection of the best apple-tree varieties of winter maturing period for effective use in the adaptive horticulture. On the results of assessment the immune to scab variety Florina was admitted as promising for that purpose.

Annotation

The article presents the literature data on contamination of cell cultures and plants by Mycoplasma during clonal micro propagation. The severity of contamination and its sources are presented. The necessity of antibacterial chemotherapy based on the ability of antibiotics to inhibit the growth of pathogenic organisms is shown. When choosing antibiotic the necessary condition was the absence of toxic action. In this regard, the object was to develop the methods of decontamination and improvement of qualitative characteristics of plants. Two antibiotics were selected for research: gentamicin and Cefotaxime. The study of the antibiotic gentamicin was carried out during micro propagation of 14 grapes varieties. It was found out that gentamicin promotes the recovery from fungal infections and improves a plant regeneration in 2-3 times. However, the plants show the signs of bacterial infection and the toxic effect of the antibiotic. To reduce the toxicity two-step way of its application into nutrient medium recommended. During the first subcultivation in a nutrient medium gentamicin is added in concentrations of 0.05-0.3 ml/l. It provides a significant recovery from Mycoplasma. In the second subcultivation for full plant recovery we recommend re-use of gentamicin at low concentrations of 0.01-0.04 ml/L. Cefotaxime in concentrations of 50 to 650 mg/l was studied on 5 varieties of grapes. It was established that the antibiotic decreases the contamination by a bacterial infection. It was noted that the action of Cefotaximeis gentler than the action of gentamicin. Its application improves the morphogenesis of cultivated plants. In low infection of plants, the low concentrations of Cefotaxime are effective - 50-250 mg/L. When the infection is to 50 % of plants the concentration of 250-450 mg/L are effective. Methods of decontamination of plants are developed. They are based on the application of the antibiotic gentamicin at a concentration of 0.1-0.01 ml/l or antibiotic Cefotaxime at a concentration of 50 to 450 mg/l depending on the degree of infection in vitro plants.

Annotation

In the European part of the South of Russia the droughts and high air temperatures during the summer are the major stressful factors of environment of fruit crops cultivation. In the organic gardens the use of chemicals is excluded, therefore the specific methods of decrease in adverse effect of various stressors on plants have to be used. The purpose of our research is the selection of an optimumal way of the soil maintenance in the row-space of not irrigated organic apple-tree garden providing the optimization of growth and fruitage of plants under the conditions of moisture deficit and intensity of a thermal factor during the summer period. The zoned Florina apple-tree, immune to a scab, on MM106 rootstock is taken for study. It is studied the ways of soil maintenance in the row-space of an organic garden: black steam, turf alternate row, turf interrow. Indicators of growth and a water exchange of plants are determined using the standard methods. As a result of the carried out research the expediency of introduction in the not irrigated organic apple-tree gardens of the Kuban zone of natural growing herbs sowing alternate row is based. This way of garden soil maintenance provides the increase in resistance of apple-tree plants to abiotic stressors of summer period and the stabilization of generative activity of plants. When we use the system of soil maintenance "sowing of grass alternate row-space" the moderate growth of shoots is noted interfaced to moderate and rather stable fruitage at the level of 23-26 t/hectare. Average apple productivity in this option of experience is 28,0% higher, than in control, and 27,3% more, than in "sowing inter row-space" option. Thus the conditions of trees lighting are improved, the favorable combination of indicators of the water and temperature modes of the soil is created, the efficiency of photosynthetic activity of plants increases.