Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

One of the reserves of increase in efficiency of viticulture and wine-making industry is the right selection of varieties for different regions of grapes cultivation. Within Crimea not only areas suitable on climatic conditions for the grapes cultivation are allocated, but also within these areas the specific climate viticultural areas are allocated too. The objective existence of such ecological and geographical zones determines the need for the proper selection and placement of grapes varieties that have the specific features in terms the ultimate wine and vine production. Thus, the important direction in improving and expanding of the raw material base of wine, increase in the output of high-quality and environmentally friendly products, with reducing of the costs of its production, is an introduction in assortment of technical grapes varieties of new breeding, that have more effective economic indicators. A good representative of the varieties group of new generation is "Tsitronny Magaracha" of National Research Institute for Vine and Wine breeding. The biological and economical characteristics of the "Tsitronny Magaracha" were studied under the conditions of the Alushta Valley. It was found the testing cultivar surpass the control grapes of Rkatsitely on the indices of the yield quality and sugar accumulation. The adaptation coefficient for the cultivar was calculated (Ka = 77,5), leading to a conclusion that this variety is suitable enough for cultivation in the studied zone. A tasting evaluation of wine materials from the grapes "Tsitronnyi Magaracha" and "Rkatsiteli" was carried out. The cultivar "Tsitronny Magaracha"produced wines with the highest scores (7.75 and 7.8) when they have been made into semi-dry and semi-sweet types, respectively. The results obtained by organoleptic testing of produced wine materials have shown that even after six months of wine materials store they have the floral aroma and high quality.

Annotation

The purpose of our research was the study of influence of plants processings by preparation of "Mival-Agro" and "Albit TPS" on quality indicators and natural loss of bunch mass of table grapes varieties in the dynamics of post harvest storage. The objects of research were the table grapes varieties of Moldova and Muscat Hamburgskiy. The features of development of grapes plants under the influence of the examined preparation were studied using the standard methods of viticulture research. Impact assessment of foliar fertilizing with "Albit" and "Mival-Agro" preparations on organoleptic characteristics of table grapes and the value of the natural losses of a bunch mass during storage period is given in this article. It has been established as a result of carried out research that the use of growth stimulators of "Albit TPS" and "Mival-Agro" significantly improves the quality of Moldova and Muscat Hamburgskiy grapes varieties. It was shown that the value of the natural losses of a bunch mass of processing table grapes by testing preparations decreases in the process of 90 days storage. At the final stage of storage (after 150 days) under the studied systems of grapes treatments the difference in the values of natural losses was significant only for Muscat Hamburg variety. It is noted that the use of this experimental system of treatments improved the organoleptic properties of both studied grapes varieties. Thus, under treatments with "Mival Agro" the organoleptic qualities of Moldova variety rose up to 8.7 points, Muscat Hamburg variety - up to 8.2 points. Under treatments with "Albit TPS" the organoleptic qualities of Moldova variety rose up to 8.4 points. In addition to the above it is shown that these indicators were preserved over the long-term grapes storage under using of studied preparation.

Annotation

This work is aimed at solving the actual problem of increasing in the fruit plants productivity. The research presents the results of studies of top dressing efficiency by �Lignohumate� fertilizer for fruit crops under the conditions of the Crimea Republic, the impact the yield and the quality of the fruit products is assessed. The analysis of the influence of seasonal conditions and the usage of fertilizers the main indicators of the studied fruit crops was done. The experimental research was carried out during 2018-2020 on apple-tree of Spartan variety (JSC Artvin, Bakhchisarai district), on peach-tree of Red Haven and sweet cherry of �igarrean Burlat (Agropolis farm, Kirovsky District). It is established that the use of �Lignohumate� foliar fertilizing increased in average length of annual shoots in the studied crops from 14.7 % (peach) to 16.5 % (apple). Mathematical analysis of the results showed that the share of seasonal influence the annual shoots growth rate varies in the interval 8,7 % (sweet cherry) � 55,0 % (peach), at � < 0,05. Top dressing of plants increased in chlorophyll concentration in apple and peach leaves by 14,0 and 13,2 %, respectively; mass concentration of sugar in apples by 6,1 %, and in peach by 7,5 %; in sweet cherry by 16,1 %; solid substance content in the fruits � by 0,9 % (peach) 1,7 % (apple). Also it is shown that the use of �Lignohumate� top dressing of plants increased in the content of mineral elements in the studied crops, relative to a control group, and the yield on average 16,3-20,6 %.

Annotation

The development of fruit growing and viticulture under modern conditions is aimed at a comprehensive solution of the main task � the obtaining the highest possible yield of high quality fruits from a unit of area while reducing their cost. The use of physiologically active substances in fruit-growing and viticulture, namely the proper and balanced mineral nutrition, can contribute to the successful solution of this problem. Mineral nutrition plays an important role in the growth and development of agricultural plants. It is known that the bulk of fertilizers have a selectivity of their action on various species, varieties, various tissues and organs of the plant organism. As a result of their action, significant changes occur in biomass, winter hardiness and productivity of fruit crops and grapes. The purpose of this study was to study the effect of foliar nutrition with TM �Glycerol� preparations the yield and quality of grapes and apple-tree. The methods and techniques generally accepted in viticulture and horticulture were applied in this research. It was evaluated the mineral nutrition system on the basis of TM �Glycerol� as a foliar top dressing for fruit crops and grapes (optimal rates and terms of fertilizer application) and the influence of this system the productivity and quality of Moldova table grape variety for example and Spartan apple variety for example. Study carried out have shown that the use of foliar fertilizers TM "Glycerol" contributed to the reduction of the productive period of studied grapes and apple-tree for 4-5 days, due to the acceleration of the ripening process, as well as an increase in fruitage: for Moldova grapes by 20,1 %, for Spartan apple � 25 %.

Annotation

Research is presented that contributes to an increase in the production of domestic grape and wine products, including in the system of organic farming. The object of research is grapes of native, classical and breeding varieties. The research was carried out on the basis of the Center for collective use of the Ampelographic collection �Magarach�, as well as in industrial plantations of the Crimea according to generally accepted and original methods. Characteristics of 50 varieties for the database, 4 sources of valuable traits were obtained, genotyping of wild grapes was performed, 99 allele variants were identified. Optimal concentrations of substances for the development of proembryogenic calluses and cells in suspension cultures were selected. The influence of biologically active substances on the development of heart shaped and torpedo shaped embryos has been established. The obtained 6 transgenic lines of the Podarok Magaracha variety were adapted to in vivo conditions to assess their cold resistance and frost resistance. In the vegetative collection of plants in vitro, samples are maintained under conditions of active and slow growth. An aseptic culture of 14 grape varieties was obtained. The molecular diagnosis of the latent form of phytopathogens of plant material after the recovery procedures was carried out. The biovar Agrobacterium tumefaciens was identified by the method of molecular diagnostics. During molecular diagnostics, the Rupestris stem pitting virus was detected in the samples. New knowledge has been gained about the dynamics of changes in the quality indicators of grapes depending on the variety and region of cultivation against the background of a complex of agro-climatic parameters and indices used to isolate terroirs. Varietal-rootstock combinations have been identified. The formation of datasets has continued in order to train neural networks for the detection of harmful organisms and pathologies of the development of grape plants. The technology of organic viticulture production for autochthonous varieties and varieties of the Magarach Institute breeding has been tested. The technology of storing table grapes based on the use of calcium-containing preparations has been optimized. For the first time, an information technology of cross-platform integration has been developed for the implemented hardware and software complex for photo-fixation and neural network detection of the number of pests in specialized �traps�.