Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The creating of new grape table varieties of early ripening with a smart bunch and large berries will solve the problem of increased demand for products of biological value and will accelerate the process of import substitution. This is especially important since it will allow to ensure by fresh grapes of domestic production the market with a deficit of fruits and berries in the early summer period and in the holiday season of residents and guests of the Crimea and other regions of the Russian Federation. The study of promising grape types conducted during the years 2012-2015 allowed us to single out as elite a hybrid form from the seedlings population of Podarok Zaporojya x Livia � Magarach � PZL-1 with the working title Muskat of Cramea. The article outlines the main ampelographic and bio-economic parameters characterizing this promising new variety.Very early maturity (August 5), production period � 110 days. Resistance to frost up to minus 24º�. The recommended bush training is a double-arm cordon with trunk height of 80-100 cm. The recommended load on the bush is 24 eyes; load per fruit shoot is 8 eyes. The planting scheme is 3 x 1.5 m. Prophylactic treatment against fungal diseases is required 3-4 times per season. The high frost resistance (up to minus 24ºC) of the elite form of Muscat of Crimea is established in comparison with the control Cardinal grapes. The new variety is characterized by high quality of the crop when it planted on well-lit warm slopes. Cultivation of grapevine cv Muskat of Cramea in the conditions of the Southern coast of the Crimea will allow obtaining 1971.8 thousand rubles net income from a hectare of plantation annually.

Annotation

The article presents the results of studies on the effect of pollinating varieties on bunch density and uvological indicators of the Crimean autochthonous grape variety Kefesia. The work was carried out in OOO "Kachinsky +" in 2020-2021. Planting year � 2015, planting scheme 3×2, varieties were planted according to the scheme � 2 rows of Kefesiya variety alternated with 1 row of pollinating variety (Moldova, Bastardo Magarachsky) in squares 1, 2 of 2,0 hectares in area. The total number of Kefesiya variety bushes is 982 pcs. Studies of uvological characteristics of the autochthonous variety Kefesia depending on pollinator variety showed that the bushes pollinated with the Moldova variety form larger bunches, more seeds are set, exceeding these figures compared to other variants of pollinators when cultivating the Kefesia variety. In all studied combinations of Kefesia variety, parthenocarpic berries are formed in bunches. When Kefesia variety is pollinated with pollen from the Moldova variety, the number of seeds in the bunch averaged 205.3 pieces, which is 45.2 % more in bunches formed under the influence of pollinator variety Bastardo Magarachsky, and by 76.5 % more than in bunches of Kefesia variety without pollination. The pollinator varieties Moldova and Bastardo Magarachsky influence the changes in the indicators �average bunch weight�, �number of berries in the bunch�, �number of seeds in the bunch�, �weight of 100 berries�. The Moldova variety demonstrates the greatest efficiency of pollination and is recommended as a pollinator for the Kefesia variety in the production plantations of the Republic of Crimea.

Annotation

The creation of grape varieties o f a new generation � analogues of the Crimean autochthons � highly productive and of high quality, carrying genetic adaptability to environmental conditions, is relevant today. The main method for breeding grape Varieties of a new generation with genetically determined features of resistance to biotic and abiotic factors is crossing of varieties of complex genetic structure between themselves and with forms of Vitis vinifera L. species belonging to different ecological and geographical groups, saturating crosses between hybrid forms with a complex of features corresponding to the breeding task. The objectives of the studies included the assessment of resistance to low temperatures of the Crimean autochthonous grape varieties and their hybrids; selection of the most frost-resistant genotypes obtained by crossing Crimean autochthonous grape varieties with complex interspecific hybrids on the basis of hybridological analysis. The objects of research were 15 local varieties of Crimea and 481 seedlings in 22 combinations of crossing of Crimean autochthonous varieties with complex interspecific varieties. As a result of hybrid analysis identified promising hybrid combinations from crossing Crimean autochthonous varieties with varieties of complex interspecific origin � 'Aibatly' x 'Ifigenia' (Hh = 1, 9 %) and 'Kokur Chernyi' x 'Spartanets Magaracha' (Hh = 2.4 %), as well as populations characterized by high breeding value � 'Kok Pandas' x 'Zeibel 6357' (44.4 %), 'Kefesiya' x 'Spartanets Magaracha' (23.5 %) and 'Kok Pandas' x 'Spartanets Magaracha' (29.4%). A promising hybrid is Magarach No.8-08-8-4 ('Kok Pandas' x 'Zeibel 6357').

Annotation

For more accurate assessment of the hybridization prospects of native varieties, it is expedient to evaluate its effectiveness. For practical work following evaluation parameters are used: setting ability of seeds during self-pollination and cross pollination; effectiveness of pollination; biological effectiveness of hybridization; breeding effectiveness. The study included: as female forms � 10 native varieties of Crimea with a functional female type of flower; as male forms � the pollen of 25 complex interspecific hybrids, 7 varieties of the West European ecological-geographical group and 9 autochthonous varieties of the Don. Analysis of the results in the context of years showed that the most successful according to the parameters of crossbreeding were 2012 and 2016, and the least favorable were 2015 and 2018. Considering the parameters of seed germination with the participation of various native varieties, high data variability is noted. In the crosscombinations with the participation of �Aibatly� and �Khersonesskii� varieties, the average number of seedlings per one cross-combination has a very low level � 7.2-16.2 pcs. Moreover, the seedlings obtained from fully formed seeds amount a very high percentage � more than 60. The female form �Tashly� stands out, as it provides in hybridization the maximum number of seedlings per 1 combination of crossing, more than 100 pcs. The average percentage of seedlings obtained from full seeds is very low � 30.7, and the maximum level is 48 %. A group of varieties including �Kefesiya�, �Kok Pandas� and �Tashly�, was selected and demonstrates high hybridization efficiency in intraspecific crossing and in crossing with complex interspecific hybrids. Varieties �Sary Pandas� and �Misgiuli Kara� are distinguished by low setting ability of seeds, however, the biological effectiveness of hybridization remains at the level of group 1. We can confirm that female parent varieties �Sary Pandas� and �Misgiuli Kara� are specific in issues of crossing ability and viability of hybrid seeds.

Annotation

Phenological observations of plants varieties development in the various zones of cultivation have a great scientific and practical significance and are an indispensable element of industrial and biological study of grapes varieties. The purpose of this work is to reveal the peculiarities of the passage of phenophases by Crimean autochthonous grapes varieties in the conditions of the mountain-valley Crimea. The article presents the results of observations and study of the main phe-nological phases of 11 varieties of Crimean grapes with black berries and white berries under the soil and climatic conditions of LLC "Solnechnaya Dolina". As a control, Rkatsiteli and Cabernet Sauvignon are taken. The earliest blossoming of buds among black grapes varieties was noted for Crohna variety � 23.04. Among varieties with white berries, the early date of budding is established for the Sary Pandas variety � 22.04. Among the varieties with black berries t he Crohna blossomed early of all (03.06), among the white-flowered varieties the earliest bloom was found for the varieties of Sary Pandas and Kok Pandas (04.06). The results of three-year studying show that, with an average spread of 5 to 8 days, the average flowering of the grapes plants is within seven days. There is an equal period from the beginning of bud blossoming to the beginning of flowering (43-45 days), and only for the control variety of Cabernet Sauvignon it reaches 46 days. It has been established that the grapes varieties studied for the duration of the growing season (from the beginning of bud budding to industrial fruit fullness) are medium-late (147-155 days). The sum of the active tem-peratures at this stage of plant development is 578-638 �C.