Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The development of methods for determining the adaptive ability of plants to adverse abiotic and biotic factors is an important direction in many fields of science (ecological genetics, epiginetics, genetics of quantitative traits, biochemical genetics, ecological genetics, plant immunity, physiology, phytopathology, etc.). The study of plant microbiota allows a comprehensive assessment of their adaptability, similar to studies conducted on animals. The characteristics of the plant itself, the stage of its development, the reaction of the host and endophyte to external conditions affect the composition and structure of the endophytic community. These complex interactions play a role in the manifestation of the plant's phenotypic traits, including its ability to adapt to ad-verse abiotic and biotic factors. Combined breeding and biocontrol strategies are necessary to maintain the balance of ecosystems. Testing of rootstock forms of small-stone cultures showed the presence of endophytic microorganisms in the internal tissues of stem explants. Among the isolated bacteria, representatives of the genera Pseudomonas and Bacillus dominated. Fungi were represented by necrotrophs (Penicillium, Alternaria, Fusarium). Endophytic bacteria showed antagonism to isolated pathogenic fungi. It was revealed that in genotypes with a high level of adaptation to abiotic and biotic adverse factors, fungal pathogens are isolated from internal tissues in less than 15 % of all tests. Bacteria predominate and are detected in more than half of the tests. Therefore, it is important to determine the nature of the effect of endophytic bacteria on plant tissues by the degree of their necrotization in the presence of the studied microorganisms. According to the indicators of bacterial and fungal microbiota development, as well as the degree of necrotization of plant tissues under the influence of endophytic bacteria, the most promising genotypes were identified among the studied rootstock forms of small-stemmed cultures: VSL-2, 3-93, 5-40, 3-21, 3-110, 11-17, 5-44, 10-13 (2009 - 2010); Gisella D, Gisella 5, 3-76 (2021).

Annotation

Many years of experience in studying the winter hardiness of fruit trees and the analysis of literary sources indicate the difficulty of identifying forms resistant to low temperatures of the winter-spring period in the conditions of southern Russia. Prolonged autumn, constant temperature jumps in the winter-spring period and significant differences in the years of both average and minimum and maximum temperatures make it difficult to isolate plants adaptive to the stressors of this period. In winter, biochemical processes take place in the tissues of fruit trees, many of which are much more intense in the conditions of a warm southern winter than in the conditions of cold winters in more northern regions, and therefore, standards and parameters are needed to determine winter hardiness, acceptable specifically to the conditions of the south. The winter development and hardiness of fruit trees is determined to a very large extent by how many nutrients they accumulate in preparation for winter, and to what extent these substances will turn into protective ones. All this makes it necessary to conduct a comprehensive assessment of plants using physiological, biochemical, anatomical and morphological studies involving artificial climate cameras. In our work, the quantitative determination of starch in perennial branches and young shoots of sour cherries allowed us to reveal its dynamics during the annual cycle of plant development. Cherry varieties that showed excellent and good resistance to low temperatures had a greater number of starch grains. With the help of artificial freezing and the field method of research, it was possible to isolate the resistance of sour cherry varieties to each component of winter hardiness. The most resistant to the complex of winter stresses from the studied forms in the field conditions of Ust-Labinsk district, where low winter temperatures of up to -27 ºC are observed, according to the results of field experiments, freezing in special chambers and according to starch accumulation, were following clone Molodezhnaya, and cherry varieties Griot Timiryazevsky, Timiryazevskaya pozdnyaya.

Annotation

The demand for the development of universal technologies by the method of green cuttings increases significantly in the production of basic mother plantings, i.e. when creating high quality planting material. Green propagation is one of the fastest and relatively cheap in relation to the in vitro method of propagation of plants from mother plantings of the original category. It is also necessary in the production of seedlings for intensive planting of hybrids, introduced material of interest. The relevance of identifying adaptive rootstocks and effective technologies makes it necessary to carry out joint research work with other institutions, increasing the evidence base and the accuracy of research, while significantly reducing the research time. The value of the direction lies in the possibility of isolating plants with a wide biopotential, which is especially valuable when stressful situations for stone fruit crops increase, especially in the spring-summer period. As a result of studies on shoot-forming ability, the most adaptive rootstocks were identified in different growing conditions � VSL-2 (KESS VIR breeding), Gisela 5 (Germany), 3-107, AI 1, 3-20 (NCFSCHVW breeding), AI-5 BD, AI-1 BD (NCFSCHVW and RUE �Institute of Fruit Growing� breeding). All new forms of rootstocks were characterized by resistance to coccomycosis. Rootstocks with a short period of callus formation were noted. It was found that in the conditions of the south of Russia this indicator depended on the preparations used to increase rhizogenesis, in Belarus conditions � on the genotypes of the rootstocks. When propagating by green cuttings, a high yield of rooting was noted under the conditions of Belarus in rootstocks AI 1, AI-1 BD (100 %), VSL-2, AI-74 BD, AI-5 BD (85.2-91.2 %), under conditions of elevated temperatures in the south of Russia in forms 3-20 and AI-5 BD, VSL-2, AI-1 BD, (67-98 %). According to the joint data, the AI-1 DB rootstock was identified for all the studied parameters.

Annotation

The creation of resistant varieties to coccomycosis (one of the most harmful diseases of cherry and sweet cherry) corresponds to the strategic directions for the development of Krasnodar Territory No. 1: a cardinal improvement in the quality and longevity of the population. In this regard, an important role is played by providing the population with the high-quality environmentally friendly products. The creation of resistant varieties Will allow you to avoid or reduce the number of chemical sprayings, to reduce the fruit production costs, and the most importantly, to help in solving the problem of obtaining environmentally safe products. As a result of many years work on the creation of genotypes resistant to coccomycosis, the forms of 3-33-34 and Yuzhanka were selected to the elite, which, due to a number of economically valuable and adaptively significant traits, differ markedly from standard varieties. So, under the conditions of the Goryachy Klyuch district, where as a result of long-term monitoring, it is noted in the population the most virulent clones overcoming the resistance of the A gene, the full yield was obtained only from the elites of Yuzhanka and 3-33-34 on the rootstocks of the NCFSCHVW breeding � to 16 t / ha. They are differed on the lowest indicators: the average number of coccomycosis pustules per 1 cm2 of leaf (0.08 � 1.1 to 5.25 � 1.3), resistance index (0-1357), generative activity of the fungis (0-2629). Timiryazevskaya cherry are also selected to the elite, with the late development of coccomycosis. Its distinctive features � the original taste of the fruits, high yield, up to 100 kg per tree. These elite forms also showed the complex resistance to drought, high summer temperatures and a number of diseases, which proved their suitability for resource-saving technologies of gardening.

Annotation

The most important multilocus marker systems include ISSR markers based on polymorphism of genome fields located between microsatellite areas. Their effectiveness in genetic work has been demonstrated in the extensive list of studies in which they were involved. ISSR markers are easy to use, low-cost and methodologically less demanding than many other marker systems, and it makes them good genetic markers for the initial stages of organisms research for which the genetic information is missing. The aim of this work is to search for and detect the effective ISSR markers for genotyping of representatives the P. serrulata species. The results of testing ISSR markers on the genotypes of the P. serrulata species are shown. Based on the quality of the DNA fingerprint obtained, the most informative ISSRs were selected for each of the markers involved in the work. Primers of ISSR markers selected will be used for genotyping. As a result of the work performed in the process of PCR f rom 35 ISSR markers, 26 gave DNA fragments on sakura genotypes. At the same time, 8 markers from the general sample were identified as promising for further work. The group of promising markers ncludes ISSRs with the largest number of amplified fragments and an easily interpreted type of DNA fingerprints. This group includes: UBC 811, UBC 813, UBC 818, UBC 825, UBC 843, UBC 864, 3A59, ASSR02. Further work will be aimed at assessing the genetic polymorphism of the selected markers with subsequent expansion of the volume of the analyzed samples.