Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

A necessary condition for identifying the most adaptive grape genotypes in unstable climatic conditions of the winter period is the constant monitoring of metabolic processes in the vine in response to changing climatic factors. The purpose of the work is to analyze the physiological and biochemical changes that occur in the vine under the influence of winter stress factors, to identify the most adaptive varieties for cultivation in the Anapo-Taman zone of the Krasnodar region. The objects of research are grape varieties of various ecological and geographical origin: Kristall (control) � Euro-Amur-American origin; Dostoynyi, Krasnostop AZOS � intraspecific origin Vitis vinifera L; Vostorg � Amur-American origin; Zarif � Eastern origin; Aligote � Western European origin. By generally accepted physiological and biochemical methods, it was established that starch hydrolysis began in December with its transformation into soluble sugars, which perform an important cryoprotective function. In January, the content of sugars continued to increase, while that of starch continued to decrease. The maximum degree of starch hydrolysis was found in the Kristall and Vostorg varieties � a decrease of 3.19 and 2.04 times, and the maximum ccumulation of starch in the pre-winter period was found in the Krasnostop AZOS variety � 8.12 mg/g dry weight. An increased content of sugars in the pre-winter period was found in Krasnostop AZOS variety � 9.21 mg/g dry weight in comparison with other studied varieties. Vostorg and Kristall variety had the highest increase in sugar content � 3.5 and 2.28 times. Anthocyanins showed their protective function to the maximum in Krasnostop AZOS and Vostorg varieties. After artificial freezing of shoots of Kristall, Krasnostop AZOS and Vostorg varieties, the content of ions in the extract from the cells of the cortex increased slightly: potassium by 1.04 times, calcium by 1.01-1.03 times. In terms of the content of starch, sugars, anthocyanins, potassium and calcium ions, the Kristall, Krasnostop AZOS and Vostorg varieties showed the greatest potential for resistance to low temperatures in the winter of 2021-2023 in comparison with other studied varieties.

Annotation

Monitoring of the key metabolite, the amino acid proline, in the grape plant is necessary to study the physiological mechanisms underlying the adaptive reactions of grapes in a changing climate. The purpose of this work is to study the dynamics of the content of free proline in various grape varieties, to identify varieties with increased resistance to low temperatures. The objects of research are grape varieties of various genetic origin: Kristall (control), Dostoynyi, Krasnostop AZOS, Vostorg, Aligote, Zarif. The content of proline was determined by capillary electrophoresis on a Kapel 104R device according to a technique based on obtaining an electrophoregram using direct detection of the absorbing components of the sample. In January-February, the varieties Kristall, Krasnostop AZOS, Vostorg had an increased content of proline in comparison with the varieties Dostoynyi, Aligote, Zarif. In the shoots of the varieties Kristall,, Krasnostop AZOS, Vostorg, it was 7.38-8.26 �g/g fresh weight; in Dostoynyi, Aligote, Zarif � 4.12-5.16 �g/g fresh weight. In the buds of the varieties Kristall, Krasnostop AZOS, Vostorg, the content of proline was 7.92-9.21 �g/g fresh weight, in Dostoynyi, Aligote, Zarif � 4.57-5.90 �g/g fresh weight. After artificial freezing in the shoots of the varieties Kristall, Krasnostop AZOS, Vostorg, the proline content increased by 1.13-1.23 times, in other studied varieties it almost did not change. It has been shown that proline plays a significant role in the implementation of the stressprotective reactions of grapes to low temperatures. It has been established that according to the dynamics of the free proline content, the varieties Crystal, Krasnostop AZOS, Vostorg are more resistant to low temperatures in comparison with the varieties Dostoynyi, Aligote, Zarif.

Annotation

Many years of experience in studying the winter hardiness of fruit trees and the analysis of literary sources indicate the difficulty of identifying forms resistant to low temperatures of the winter-spring period in the conditions of southern Russia. Prolonged autumn, constant temperature jumps in the winter-spring period and significant differences in the years of both average and minimum and maximum temperatures make it difficult to isolate plants adaptive to the stressors of this period. In winter, biochemical processes take place in the tissues of fruit trees, many of which are much more intense in the conditions of a warm southern winter than in the conditions of cold winters in more northern regions, and therefore, standards and parameters are needed to determine winter hardiness, acceptable specifically to the conditions of the south. The winter development and hardiness of fruit trees is determined to a very large extent by how many nutrients they accumulate in preparation for winter, and to what extent these substances will turn into protective ones. All this makes it necessary to conduct a comprehensive assessment of plants using physiological, biochemical, anatomical and morphological studies involving artificial climate cameras. In our work, the quantitative determination of starch in perennial branches and young shoots of sour cherries allowed us to reveal its dynamics during the annual cycle of plant development. Cherry varieties that showed excellent and good resistance to low temperatures had a greater number of starch grains. With the help of artificial freezing and the field method of research, it was possible to isolate the resistance of sour cherry varieties to each component of winter hardiness. The most resistant to the complex of winter stresses from the studied forms in the field conditions of Ust-Labinsk district, where low winter temperatures of up to -27 ºC are observed, according to the results of field experiments, freezing in special chambers and according to starch accumulation, were following clone Molodezhnaya, and cherry varieties Griot Timiryazevsky, Timiryazevskaya pozdnyaya.

Annotation

The search for an accelerated assessment of the resistance of grape varieties to extremely high temperatures (hyperthermia) is of particular relevance due to the increasing climate instability in the Anapo-Taman viticulture zone. The purpose of this work is to conduct a comparative assessment of the response of grape varieties to artificially induced high-temperature stress (hyperthermia) in terms of peroxidase activity, the content of proline, ascorbic acid, and to identify varieties with increased resistance to high temperatures. The objects of research are grape varieties of various ecological and geographical origin: Kristall (control) � Euro-Amur-American origin; Krasnostop AZOS, Dostoynyi � Euro-American origin; Vostorg � Amur-American origin; Zarif � Eastern origin; Aligote � Western European origin. Studied varieties respond to hyperthermia by stimulating the functioning of the antioxidant system, the protective effect of which is determined both by the activation of peroxidase and by the accumulation of proline, ascorbic acid. It was found that peroxidase played an important role in the suppression of oxidative stress in the variety Dostoynyi � an increase in its activity by 5.09 times; unlike other varieties, in which an increase was noted by 1.08-1.97 times. In other varieties, the maintenance of redox balance is achieved by increasing the content of proline, ascorbic acid. Insufficient peroxidase activity under conditions of hyperthermia in varieties Kristall and Zarif was compensated by an increase in proline content � by 2.65 and 7.64 times, respectively. It was presented that in the varieties Kristall and Dostoynyi, ascorbic acid showed its protective effect along with proline � an increase in its content by 2.31 and 2.66 times, respectively. In the Zarif variety under stress conditions, an increase in ascorbic acid by 8.35 times was observed. It has been established that the varieties Zarif, Dostoynyi, Kristall, unlike other studied varieties, are more resistant to extremely high temperatures in the summer period.

Annotation

The problems of grape resistance to low-temperature stresses in the Anapa-Taman zone of the Krasnodar region remain relevant, and achieving higher frost resistance of the variety is an important task of the breeding program. The purpose of this work is to conduct a comparative assessment of the response of grape varieties to artificially induced low�temperature stress by the activity of peroxidase, the content of malondialdehyde, anthocyanins, ascorbic acid; to identify frost-resistant varieties. The objects of research are grape varieties of various ecological and geographical origin: Kristall (control) � Euro-Amur-American origin; Krasnostop AZOS, Dostoynyi � Euro-American origin; Vostorg � Amur-American origin; Zarif � Eastern origin; Aligote � Western European origin. It was found that the studied grape varieties respond to stress by stimulating the functioning of the antioxidant system, the protective effect of which is determined both by the activation of peroxidase and the accumulation of low-molecular antioxidants (anthocyanins, ascorbic acid). Differences in the functioning of the antioxidant defense system of different grape varieties have been established. It was revealed that in the varieties Krasnostop AZOS and Vostorg, the role of peroxidase in the suppression of oxidative stress is quite large, an increase in its activity was noted by 1.05 and 1.42 times, respectively. It is shown that anthocyanins made the greatest contribution to antioxidant protection in the Kristall and Dostoynyi varieties, after stress, t heir content decreased by 4.4 and 4.0 times, unlike the other studied varieties, in which a decrease was observed by 1.3-3.0 times. It was revealed that ascorbic acid is a mandatory participant in the antioxidant defense system in all varieties, after stress, an increase in its content was noted by 1.06-1.52 times. On the basis of generalized physiological and biochemical studies, it was revealed that the varieties Kristall and Krasnostop AZOS have increased frost resistance, followed by Dostoynyi, Vostorg; the varieties Aligote, Zarif are characterized by reduced frost resistance.