Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Cherkezova Sajde
Articles in journal: (total 11)
The results of long-term research of species composition of spider mites of fruit plantations are presented. The most typical damage traits of pome and stone fruit cultures are established. The data about degree of influence of spider mites on agrocenosis resistance depending on application of new perspective insecticides are obtained.
Now the phytosanitary destabilization in the agricultural ecosystems of the Russian Federation produced the special requirements to the choice of both means, and technologies of restriction of the most dangerous biotrof types. Due to the observed change of prepotent types among the main economic significant types of vermins in the fruit orchards the detailed studying of the appeared dominants for the development of scientifically based protective measures is the actual direction of research. In the Krasnodar Region the two-lined pyralid moth has been noted in 2002 in the peach orchards by of Yarysheva I.A. In 2005 in a Northern zone of gardening this vermin caused the serious damage in the apple gardens. In the recent years the pyralid moth damages practically all fruit crops. Data of multi-year research on studying of fly dynamics of two-lined pyralid moth and biological features of her development are presented in the article. It is defined that the pupation of the wintering caterpillars of the vermin is beginning with approach of steady average daily temperature +10 +12º. Process of pupation of caterpillars continues 10-15 days. The comparative analysis of development of an apple codling moth and a two-lined pyralid moth has shown that the period of lay eggs by female of a two-lined pyralid moth coincides with the beginning of produce of caterpillars of an apple codling moth. The beginning of produce of caterpillars of a pyralid moth coincides with a mass produce of caterpillars of an apple codling moth. The same tendency is noted in the second and third generations of vermins. Thus follows that against a two-lined pyralid moth it is necessary to carry out eight processings, six of which can be combined with processings against an apple codling moth. The insecticides having expectation term not more than 10-15 days are recommended: voliam flexi, proclaim, calipso, lannat or avant.
The results of long-term study of species composition of mining moths in the fruit orchards of Krasnodar region, biology of development, prevalence according to the zones of horticulture, the nature of applied damages are given. The prevailing forms of wreckers are established, the wintering stages are refined.
In the article the results of long-term investigations of species composition of garden tortrix moths in the fruit cultivations of Krasnodar Region are given. The research were conducted by methods of laboratory analyses, route and stationary inspections of the fruit plantings processed and not processed by pesticides, situated in various zones of gardening of Krasnodar Region. For establishment of specific accessory of wreckers were used the determinants of agricultural wreckers and methodical recommendations. The prevailing forms are isolated. The structure and the conformity to natural lows of formation of the complexes of garden tortrix moths and special features of biology of their development in the region are studied. The periods and the criterions of the expediency of insecticidal treatments of fruit planting are determined. The dynamics of dominant's change inside the indicated complexes is noted on the basis of the analysis of experimental data. The rhythm of cycles is 1-3 years. The steady dependence of seasonal dynamics from the changing abiotic conditions of medium is determined. The basic components of the trophostructural levels of garden tortrix moths were established. It is established that the time of output from the places of the wintering of the cluster and fruit variable tortrix moths is the phenophase of the apple tree development of the baring of floscules pink bud with the sum of effective temperatures of 20,5C. The development of pupa is 9-15 days, the embryogenesis is 6-13 days in accordance with weather conditions. Adoxophyes orana F.R. fruit tortricids and Archips podana Scop. output from the places of wintering at average daily temperature of +10 +12C. Under the conditions of Krasnodar Region the first caterpillars appear with the sum of effective temperatures of 25,3 31,5C. The weather conditions and the generation influence on the duration of the development of the separate stages: the pupa is 10-14 days, the embryogenesis is 8-11 days. The best results of protection from the wreckers are obtained during the application of hormonal preparations in the period of the discarding of eggs and the application of preparations of natural origin is in the period of the hatching of caterpillars.
The results of long-term research on specific structure of harmful and useful fauna of an apple-tree garden are given in the article. It is established that extent of settling of gardens phytophages and entomophages fluctuates depending on age and type of a garden. The increase in number of phytophages in young gardens promotes the increase in number of entomophages. It is shown that one of criterion of efficiency of entomocenosis regulation is the relationship between harmful and useful entomofauna which is expressed by a ratio a phytophage/entomophage. The analysis of the observations and research made in apple-tree plantings allowed to determine the influence of plants processing by means of protection on preservation and activization of useful organisms. It is established that the application of chemical insecticides during the achievement of number of a pest complex in a spring of an economic threshold of injuriousness promotes the effective decrease in number of wreckers to 91,6 %. These preparations have not the noticeable impact on entomophages which appear later. With growth of number of the dominant pests in May-August the entomophages sometimes aren't capable to constrain their development at the level of an economic threshold of injuriousness. For the preservation of a crop the carrying out of processing by insecticides is required. It is noted that it is expedient to apply the preparations of natural origin, the biological means of plants protection, and biologically active agents which efficiency is 98,7-99,9%. The specified biological means of plants protection have not impact on development of entomophages. The application of biological means of plants protection in the fruit plantings in the second half of summer keeps not only ikhnevmonids and brakonids, but also predators polyphagues, that is due to decrease in anthropogenous influence on agric cenosis the steady growth of biodiversity of entomophages is observed.