Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Storage of fruits and berries production and grapes
In connection with the increase in the gene pool of seed crops at the Krymsk EBS VIR Branch, it became necessary to plant the preserved genotypes according to the compacted scheme to reduce the area of gardens under the preserved genotypes. The results of preserving the gene pool of seed crops in vivo in the intensive orchards of the Krymsk EBS on various clonal rootstocks are presented. Resource-saving technologies have been developed for the conservation of genotypes of pome crops with a compacted planting scheme. Varieties of apple trees in the scientific institutions of the Southern Regions of the Russian Federation can be optimally stored on the mid-root stocks, in particular MM 106, which do not require supporting structures and watering from 2-3 years of cultivation in the garden, with a planting scheme of 4.0-5.0 × 1.5 m. Quince and pear genotypes compatible with quince, to achieve small crowns, it is possible to store quinces on clone rootstocks, incompatible pear varieties on clone pear rootstocks (PyroDwarf and others) that reduce growth, also with a compacted planting scheme 4.0-5, 0 × 1.5 m. The formation of crowns is recommended fusiform to obtain fruits with the aim of testing genotypes according to morphological characteristics, initial testing them on economically valuable qualities and identifying donors and sources. Minimum measures for vermin`s and diseases control in storage gardens are carried out (2-3 sprayings from scab and vermin`s) in order to save resources and create an infectious background for harmful diseases. During the growing season of trees, 3-fold mowing of the grass in the aisles and the application of herbicides on the trunks area are recommended. At the end of the growing season, an eradicating spray should be carried out.
The use of fresh fruits and vegetables in food is an integral part of a balanced human diet. The current trend towards a healthy lifestyle and taking care of one's health creates a high consumer demand for high-quality fresh fruits and vegetables. In recent years, in connection with global environmental problems, such as heavy air and water pollution, the agricultural industry has been faced with big problems of growing and post-harvest conservation of fruits and vegetables. A pressing problem is the storage of fruits and vegetables and the preservation of their sensory and nutritional qualities. It is extremely important to find such a technology for preserving fresh fruits and vegetables, when used, all components of their chemical composition as long as possible remain at a high level in content and do not undergo significant changes in quality indicators, biological activity and safety. The development of new technologies for the preservation of quality and the extension of the shelf life of fresh agricultural products is particularly important due to global environmental changes. The article discusses modern physical, chemical and biological studies that describe new ways to extend the shelf life of fresh fruits and vegetables.
The article presents the results of studies on the effect of post-harvest handling biopreparations for storage of apples. Apples are the main fruit crop grown and consumed in Russia. In 2019, farms of all categories collected a record apple crop about 1.7 million tons. The leader in the collection of apples is the Krasnodar territory it accounts for more than 30% of the total harvest. However, about a third of the harvested apples are lost during long-term storage in fruit storages, another quarter are losses after removing apples from long-term storage and their short-term storage in retail conditions. Based on the studies, a technology has been developed for preparing for short-term storage in artificial cooling conditions at retail outlets and public catering enterprises. Technological conditions for preparing apples for short-term storage under conditions in artificial cooling are established. The basis of the developed technology is a method for preparing apples removed from long-term storage (4-6 months), which are treated with working solutions of biopreparations before laying for short-term storage. Are established technological modes and a technological scheme for preparing apples for short-term storage under conditions of freezing is developed. The economic effect of the implementation of the developed technology was calculated, which when storing one ton of apples amounted to 3.5 thousand rubles. the Economic effect was achieved y reducing the amount of losses of apples processed using the developed technology by an average of 10.75 thousand rubles per ton. The application of the developed technology will reduce the loss of apples during storage, reduce the volume of imports, as well as provide consumers with high-quality products, reduce financial and material costs.
The article presents the results of studying the influence of some types of packaging materials used in conjunction with an ethylene absorber on ethylene production intensity of zucchini cv. Alexandria and tomatoes cv. Inkas during storage for 14 days at a temperature of 8 10 and air relative humidity of 903 %. The study was carried out using StePac Xtend bags, creating a modified atmosphere, and Inter Fresh ethylene absorbers (sachets); one sachet for ethylene absorption was placed in Xtend bags. It was found that when stored under these conditions the ethylene concentration in Xtend bags was 80% lower in case of zucchini and 1600 % lower in case of tomatoes than when using traditional bags, even despite the higher initial mass of produce in Xtend bags. In zucchini and tomatoes extracted from bags, the rate of ethylene production was also lower after storage in Xtend bags, than when using traditional bags: 111,1 % lower in case of zucchini and 211,5 % lower in case of tomatoes. Losses associated with microbiological spoilage were not observed during the experiment.
The problem of maintaining the quality of agricultural products is of great urgency in the world. Fresh fruits are an indispensable component of a balanced diet, they are the most important source of vitamins, minerals, antioxidants. Ensuring by fruits of the population of the country is an important national economic task. Currently, domestic gardening does not satisfy the population's need for fruit and berry products. Extension of the fruits implementation period can significantly increase in the competitiveness of products. Our task was to maximize the preservation of the quality of peach fruits during storage based on the improvement of technological methods. Since the fruits are living products, it is possible to extend the storage period and reduce losses only by creating the conditions that ensure maximum slowdown of metabolic processes in them. Such conditions are fruit cooling and a decrease in the oxygen concentration in the fruit. In order to extend the period of peach fruits realization, especially when transporting over long distances, the fruits storage in a modified atmosphere (MA) was studied using StePac Xtend packaging materials (packages), creating a modified gas environment, as well as ethylene absorbers Inter Fresh. Post-harvest fruit treatment is carried out using one of the most effective preparations for maintaining their quality indicators. It should be found that the most effective way for fruits storage in MA was preliminary cooling of the peach fruits, in which the original qualities are best preserved: the fruit hardness, juiciness, freshness and appearance. The use of this technological method has shown the effectiveness of its application, which is confirmed by a higher yield of marketable products. The healthy fruits with preliminary cooling and storage in MA were 75-82 %, in as well as control 65-70 %, the content of vitamins C and P are 85-86 %.