Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Chernikov Evgeniy
Articles in journal: (total 10)
The method of a field experiment accompanied with laboratory analyses and mathematical data processing is the basis for work. At a laying of a field experiment and carrying out calculations and observations and other types of field works used the standard techniques are used. The analysis of the obtained experimental data is carried out by methods of mathematical statistics. The biological assessment of growth regulators of new generation in the plantings of fruit and berry crops and grapes was the purpose of our research. The research was conducted in the plantings of an apple-tree, wild strawberry and grapes. The regulators of growth of new generation - Atonik Plus, Zerebra Agro, VL 77, Agro-Stimul and Avibif on phases of plants development of plants during the vegetative period were used. The results of the conducted research showed that a 3-time processing by Atonik Plus in a dose of 0,2 l/hectare, was the most effective on an apple-tree, the reliable increase in a crop of fruits was 7,0 t/hectare in comparison with control. The increase in a crop of fruits is occurred due to a smaller falling of fruits during formation of an ovary and increase in average mass of fruits. On Elsanta strawberry use of the Avibif growth regulator promoted the improvement of growth processes of plants, the increase in quantity of flowers was observed. The increase in berries crop was 2,5 t/hectare of with a dose of preparation of 0,6 l/hectare. The greatest rise of a crop is got at processing of grapes by preparation VL 77 in a dose of 0,3 l/hectare (6,5 t/hectare). The research of biological efficiency of new forms of growth regulators in production plantings of garden cultures and grapes showed prospects their use for regulation of growth processes of plants, increases in efficiency and improvement of quality of fruits and berries.
Treatment of growth regulator Regalis of apple tree decreased fall of fruits, which in turn has helped increase yield and improve of fruit quality. The significant reduction of the length of internodes and decreases of size of tree annual shoots
The results of studies of the productivity of different graft-rootstock combinations of the Stenley plum variety in the submontane zone of the Krasnodar Region on floodplain soils are presented. The stability of various plum rootstocks to unfavorable soil parameters was studied. The characteristics of the soil cover of the site and prospective domestic rootstocks for large-stone fruit crops are given. It was revealed that the main negative parameters of alluvial-meadow heavy-loamy soils, leading to a decrease in productivity and oppression of plants, are the periodic rise in the groundwater level and low fertility (very low availability of organic matter and mobile phosphorus). The variation exhibitions in the condition and yield of trees on these soils, depending on the rootstock, is established. In the leveled areas with periodic rise of the ground water level and stagnation of excess moisture at a depth of at least 120 cm from the soil surface, plum trees on all the studied rootstocks were in satisfactory condition. However, plum trees planted in 2015 on the rootstocks of PK SK-1, PK SK-2, 934 and 935 were more productive (5.7-6.6 t/ha). In low relief elements (gullies, swales, closed depressions), where stagnation of excess moisture in the soil profile at a depth of 80 cm or less is observed, depression and death of plum trees take place. The greatest resistance of plants to these conditions was noted on the rootstocks of PK SK2 and 935. In these edaphoclimatic conditions, the most resistant to periodic long-term overwatering of the root layer of the soil are graft-rootstock combinations of Stenley/PC SK2 and Stenley/935. These trees have the highest yield and the lowest percentage of plant death.
The search for special agricultural methods for preserving biodiversity and increasing the effective fertility of chernozem soils in the conditions of monoculture of the orchard is relevant. The development of problem solving biotechnological methods is based on the study of the dynamics of the pattern of changes in soil fertility factors when using show-release biomineral fertilizers. The article presents the results of agrochemical monitoring of leached chernozem in the orchard in connection with the application of biomodified organomineral fertilizer. The main aim of the research was to study the aftereffect f biomineral fertilizer on the soil and the generative function of the apple trees varieties Prikubanskoe and Renet Kubanskiy (Scientific Institution "North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Wine-making" breeding) on the rootstock SK4. It was found that the use of fertilizers did not contribute to an increase in the actual soil acidity. There were also no significant differences between the variants "control, without fertilizers" and "application of organomineral fertilizer" in terms of total soil acidity. Against the background of the application of organomineral fertilizer, the content of exchangeable calcium increased to values of 26.8-30.1 mmol/100 g, which, presumably, created favorable conditions for the development of aerobic microorganisms and the absorption of the element by the apple tree roots. A higher activity of the biological process of nitrogen mineralization was revealed against the background of the introduction of organomineral fertilizer enriched in the culture of rhizosphere bacteria. The new conditions formed in the soil contributed to the strengthening of the nitrification activity of the soil. Under conditions of intensive monoculture, the content of mobile phosphorus in the soil decreased six years after the experiment establishment. Higher limits of the phosphorus content are defined in the variant with the application of fertilizers. For leached chernozem under monoculture conditions without fertilization, a tendency to the destruction of humic substances was revealed mainly in the soil layer of 0-20 cm. Against the background of the use of organomineral fertilizer, the humus level in the soil layer of 0-20 cm in a year and six after the experiment establishment is higher than in the control variant by 12.6 and 38.7%, respectively, which is probably related to the content of humic compounds in the fertilizer. The changes in the dynamics of soil and agrochemical indicators against the background of the introduction of show-release biomodified organomineral fertilizer correlated with a higher level of apple trees yield of the Prikubanskoe and Renet Kubanskiy varieties in comparison with the control variant.
The results of studies of biometric indicators and features of the development of the root system of various graft-rootstock combinations of the Stenley plum variety in the foothill zone of the Krasnodar region on overwetting floodplain soils are presented. It was revealed that the main parameters of alluvial-meadow heavy loamy soils leading to a decrease in productivity and inhibition of plum plants are the presence of layers with heavy granulometric composition in the soil profile, which are characterized by very low filtration capacity. These conditions contribute to the prolonged stagnation of excess moisture in the root layer of the soil, which leads to a decrease in productivity, inhibition and premature death of plants. Also, the established low level of soil fertility of the experimental site leads to a decrease in the productivity of plum plants. Under these conditions, the inhibition of plum trees manifests itself to varying degrees, depending on the rootstock. Plum plants on the rootstock of PK SK-2 were found to be the most resistant to periodic prolonged overwetting of soil root layer. The greatest increases of the vegetative part were noted on these trees, in leveled areas and a lower percentage of plant death in areas with less satisfactory water-air regime of soils (depressions, swales). The stability of trees on this rootstock is due to the peculiarity of the placement of potentially active roots in the soil. Studies have shown that the plum on the PK SK-2 rootstock has the main part (more than 60 %) of potentially active roots concentrated in a layer of 0-40 cm. On the AP-1 rootstock, potentially active roots are evenly distributed between the soil layers of 0-40 cm and 40-80 cm, and after heavy precipitation, when the soil is saturated with moisture below the level of 40 cm, more than half of the potentially active roots are in unfavorable conditions.