Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Chernikov Evgeniy
Articles in journal: (total 10)
The materials of the study of agrochemical and microbiological indicators of leached chernozem in the orchard agrocenosis and field crop rotation are presented. The peculiarities of the distribution of the main elements of plant nutrition and organic matter by layers in the upper part of the soil profile, depending on the type of cultivated crop, are revealed. As a result of the evaluation of the main groups of microorganisms of leached chernozems, 830 strains of pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic micromycetes were identified, among which Aspergillus spp. and Penicilium spp. predominate. The number of micromycetes in the studied areas differs slightly, however, in the upper layer (0-10 cm) of soils under the garden cenosis there is a sharp increase in them. It has been established that in the soils of the orchard cenosis there is a fivefold decrease in the number of bacteria in comparison with soils in the conditions of field crop rotation. The number of bacteria gradually decreases with depth. Correlations of the total number of fungi strains and colony-forming units of bacteria on the content of organic matter, nutrition elements, the total amount of salts and the reaction of the soil environment have been established. A close correlation between micromycetes and bacteria (r = 0.99), humus (r = 0.95), mobile potassium (r = 0.93) and pH (r = 0.89) was revealed in the soils of orchard cenosis. There are no close correlations in the field crop rotation. Data on the ratio of bacteria and micromycetes indicate a higher suppressiveness of soils in the conditions of field crop rotation and the depletion of the microbial pool of soils of orchard cenoses. This indicates the development of the process of soil fatigue and a decrease in the resistance of leached chernozems to phytopathogens during prolonged cultivation of an apple orchard in a monoculture.
The problems of soil degradation, especially their salinization, are one of the main research objects in the world. In the Krasnodar Territory, the problem of soil salinization is particularly relevant in the vineyards of the Taman Peninsula. To develop the measures to combat a soil degradation, including salinity, it is necessary to identify the sources of their salinity. The aim of this research is to identify the sources of soil salinization in the vineyards of the South of Taman for further development of measures to combat their degradation. The research area is represented by an inclined marine stratum plain with a thin cover at the foot of the Komendantskaya Mountain, composed of salt deposits. It is revealed that the salts migrate from the slopes of the mountain with surface and intrasoil waters, and they are a source of salinization of the underlying territories occupied by grapes plantations. The results of the study show that these processes are most intensively manifested in the bottoms of troughs and gullies originating at the foot of the Komendantskaya Mountain. In the upper part of the inclined marine stratum plains, the saline soil differences were noted not only in the bottom of the trough, but also on the adjacent plots of an even slope of 5-8 m wide on each side. The expansion of the wetting area towards the flat part of the studied area leads to an increase in the area of waterlogged and to a varying degree of saline soils. There is a progressive growth of degradation processes in the soils that lead to oppression and premature death of grapes plants. To develop the ways to prevent soil degradation under vine plantations, additional research is needed on the dependence of grapes' productivity on the depth of saline soil, chemical and salinity degree.
Problems of water supply of fruit trees on middle-grown rootstocks in the forest biocenosis are considered in the article. The expediency of assessment of water balance on the condensation of moisture vapor to produce more correct results in the analysis of crop yield is established
Cumulative impact of density of addition and water regime of brown forest soil on planting condition and yield capacity of Aydared apple-tree in the conditions of foothills of Krasnodar region is established. It is presented the refined indicators of critical power levels of loose layer and density of addition of root zone of soil layer when the oppression of apple trees on middle-growing rootstocks on forest soils of foothills is displayed.
The effect of compaction of profile of brown forest soil on the orchards condition and the yield of apple varieties Idared, Renet Simirenko and Florina on the MM 106 rootstock under the conditions of foothills of the Krasnodar Territory is established. The existence of compacted layers in the profile of brown forest soil at a depth of 60-160 cm inhibits the growth of apple roots and their moving in the underlying soil layers. Reduction of plant nutritions area leads to decreasing of the growth processes and apple-trees productivity. It is established that the size of the annual growth shoots of trees with signs of oppression, depending on the variety, was 10-30% less, than on a control variant. The crop of fruits of oppressed trees was 50-70% less, than a crop of trees under a satisfactory conditions. The actual shortage of a crop of oppressed apple-trees over 3 years of research formed from 13,4 t/hectare (Renet Simirenko variety) to 24,3 t/hectare (Florina variety).