Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Besedina Ekaterina
Articles in journal: (total 10)
The use for grafting of rootstocks of "super-standard" category can serve as the promising technique of cultivation of fruit crops seedlings. The influence of SC-3, SC-4, SC-2, MM106 rootstocks on the development of annual apple seedlings of Renet Simirenko, Fuji, Liberty varieties is researched. The dependence of the quality of seedlings, grown by budding, from the thickness of the stock is revealed. It is established that increasing the thickness of rootstocks used for growing seedlings of all experimental varieties, is accompanied by growth characteristics such as height and trunk diameter of seedlings, number of branches and length of branches. Of these, the diameter of the trunk, the number and length of branches are the defining characteristics of seedlings capable to harvest in the first year after planting. The diameter of the stock has the biggest influence on a number of branches (46,0 %) and their length (46,2 %) the lesser influence it has on diameter of the trunk (37,6 %), the height of the trunk (29,5 %) and the height of the seedling (29,2 %). Based on these results, a parametric model of quality improvement of dwarf fruit seedlings on the rootstocks of "super-standard" category is elaborated. This model is the discriminant function.
The method of embryo culture has more and more wide application in the interspecific hybridization of fruit plants. For its improvement the hormonal regulation of growth and development of embryos in vitro is researched and the optimal age of embryos injected into culture is defined. The main objective of the presented work is to receive the viable plants from puny seeds and not sprout embryos of hybrids of sweet cherry and cherry in the course of their cultivation in vitro and to allocate the effective growth regulators and to establish the optimal terms of embryos input in the culture. The results of research on cultivation in vitro of sweet cherry and cherry of 16 combinations of crossing are presented. The regenerants of hybrid embryos of cherry and sweet cherry in vitro culture from 16 combinations of crossings are received. For embryos culture of sweet cherry and cherry the best modification of Murashige-Skoog environment with 79 % level of embryos regeneration is allocated. The most effective concentration of gibberellic acid in the environment for cultivation of cherry and sweet cherry is revealed. That is 10 mg of gibberellic acid per 1 liter of the Murashige-Skoog environment, for all that the embryo size should be maximized.
An analytical review of international, national and own experience in study of ecology of photosynthesis and translocation of assimilates in the apple tree is presented.
The meristems cultivation by a method of clonal microreproduction is the main way of production a qualitative virus-free landing material of fruits, berries and grapes cultures. High specificity of raspberry and gooseberry plantlets reaction on composition of nutrient medium during cultivation demands the individual selection of mediums components for the most successful reproduction in vitro of revitalized plants. This work is carried out in the Center of reproduction of fruit, berry crops and grapes of NRRIH&V. Object of research and improvement was the using now technique of production of the revitalized landing material of raspberry and a gooseberry varieties. The results of research on cultivation of raspberry and gooseberry meristems in vitro are presented in the article; the efficiency of various nutrient mediums is studied: Anderson, Lee De Fossard and 4 modifications of Murashige and Skoog (with various concentrations of biologically active substances and glycine). As a result of the research it is established that the most effective introduction in vitro culture of experimental varieties of raspberry and gooseberry (92% of meristems get accustomed) occurs on Murashige and Skoog nutrient medium (1962) containing macro- and microelements by recipe, vitamins C 1,0 mg/l, B1 1,0 mg/l, B6 0,5 mg/l, nicotinic acid 0,5 mg/l, inositol 100 mg/l, sucrose of 20 g/l, agar-agar 8 g/l with the doubled content of iron chelate and without glycine amino acid.
In the monitoring of plum pox virus a method of cartograms developed in NRRIH&V showed the high information content. The method gives the opportunity to display graphically the characteristics of transfer of a plum pox virus in a studied area by comparison of data for a certain period. The work purpose is to reveal the features of spreading of a plum pox virus in the experimental planting by means of a cartogram's method. Since 2007 we carried out an annual monitoring of experimental plum planting for description of dynamics of spreading of a plum pox virus. Diagnostics of varieties samples for definition of diseases etiology is carried out. The efficiency of determination of main parameters of virus spreading (speed and degree of spreading, localization) is studied. By this method on the card of fruit planting the trees with disease symptoms are graphically displayed. It is established that during 2007-2013 the plum pox virus spreading increased by 5 times at Kabardinskaya rannya and in 2013 it means 44,5% (initial level is 8,3 %). On the Stenley plum the increase is noted by 3 times 24,2 % (initial level is 7,3 %). Average speed of a virus spreading is determined by a cartograms method (on the Kabardinskaya rannya is 6,4 % in a year, on Stenley variety is 3,5 %). On the basis of the analysis of the obtained data we made the conclusion about determination of varieties and topological distinctions of dynamics of a virus spreading. It is indicated that a source of an virus infection is the infected landing material. The results of research confirm the connection of spreading level of a plum pox virus with number of sucking wreckers during the previous vegetative period.