Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

In the conditions of local and global climate change, the problem of optimizing the grape range is topical for the industry of Russian viticulture. The purpose of this work is to study the agrobiological properties of grape varieties of different ecogeographical origin under the conditions of the temperate continental climate of Southern Russia, the revealing of the most valuable varieties for use in breeding and industrial production. The work was carried out in the Black Sea agroecological zone of viticulture of the Krasnodar Territory on the ampelographical collection (Ana-pa) in 2007-2015. As a research object, grape varieties of different groups were used according to their ecological and geographic origin, intraspecific and interspecies hybrids. In the process of research the varietal differences were established and grape varieties were distinguished for a combination of positive features for use in breeding and industrial production. On adaptivity to minimum air temperatures in abnormal weather conditions, wintering (-20 � C), varieties of interspecies hybrids are identified. They have got the highest degree of discordance of buds after wintering � 68 %, and the smallest proportion of blooming duds was in the varieties Convar occidentalis Negr. � 55%. Convar orientalis Negr was the largest group of bunches. � 293.1 g. The highest yield the grapes of intraspecific hybrids showed � 8.22 kg / bush, the lowest yield (5.91 kg / bush) and the highest sugar content and glucoacidometric index were in Convar occidentalis Negr. According to the set of positive features, the grapes varieties of Barkhatny, Murvedr, Stepniak and Tarnau are promising for use in breeding and industrial production in the agroecological conditions of Southern Russia.

Annotation

The high productivity and quality of a crop are the main priority objectives in the grapes breeding. The selection of donors and sources with positive qualities among varieties, collected in one agric-ecological zone and on one plot, significantly facilitates this task. Ampelografic collections have considerable impact on formation and enrichment of industrial assortment in the areas of the developed wine growing and wine-making, therefore the research work on an ampelografic and the varieties description are important and actual. We selected five technical grapes varieties which show the high productivity and quality of a crop during several years. Their frost resistance in 2006 and 2012 and the high crop capacity in 2006-2011 and 2013 put them in a row of the perspective varieties. Ariatika grapes has the average term of ripening, it is endures the frosts to -21C . Resistance to diseases and wreckers is average. Productivity is high. The Vaznisubishavi grapes has the average term of ripening, it endures the frosts to -25C , for the winter it doesn't take a cover. Resistance to diseases and wreckers is average, the productivity is high. Stepnyak grapes has middle early term of ripening, it is endures the frosts to -25C . Resistance to diseases and wreckers is high, the productivity is high. Bakator white has the early term of ripening, it endures the frosts to -25 C. Resistance to diseases and wreckers is high, the productivity is high. Cosmopolita grapes has a very early term of ripening, it endures the frosts to -20C . Resistance to diseases and wreckers is high, the productivity is high. The grapes varieties selected in a collection can be recommended as donors and sources of useful traits.

Annotation

When analyzing the state of viticulture development of the Russia it was noted in the assortment the lack of early varieties of table grapes with high storability and transportability, and high-quality technical varieties, resistant to adverse environmental factors. Now the domestic grapes varieties of technical direction become more and more popular. The creation of new high quality varieties resistant to frost, variousdiseases and pests is the access to a market for ecological viticulture and for production of qualitative domestic wines. Creating of high-quality, relatively resistant to phylloxera technical grapes varieties for own-rooted culture using hybridization method is the most promising direction of breeding in which the problem of combating phylloxera is solved most radically. This article presents the results of the work of breeders of Anapa's experimental station for the creation and study of new hybrid grapes forms of table and technical direction, and it was given the detailed morphological characteristics of selected hybrid forms. In the hybridization the best achievements of domestic and foreign breeding of interspecific origin were used. In recent years, the breeders of Anapa's zonal experimental station of viticulture and winemaking were selected the hybrid forms of new generation that correspond to modern requirements of high quality domestic wine. Also the significant work has been done on varieties of table direction, characterized by a large bunches and berries, with unusual shape, beautiful color and high taste qualities. The new selected hybrid grapes form of AZESV&W breeding, that have a high potential of productivity and quality, it is necessary to reproduct further and transfer them to the State tasting.

Annotation

The task of the research was to examine and identify the vegetation characteristics of interspecific grapes hybrids in the year cycle of ontogenesis for their use in breeding and production. Comparative study of interspecific grapes varieties showed that in the year cycle of ontogenesis in the agrical and ecological conditions of the South of Russia the dates of the beginning and duration of phases of their vegetation have a wide range - from early to late timing of maturation. It is shown that the duration of the vegetation period of grapes plants closely based on the biological characteristics of the environment and temperature conditions of growth. On the basis of conducted research the grapes varieties with the shortest growing season (from 140 to 150 days) and with the longer period of growing (from 156 to 168 days) are revealed. It is established that the duration of the growing season varies from year to year in dependence of their reaction on the changing weather conditions. The December, Avgustin and Pervenets of Magarach grapes have the most stable period of vegetation. These varieties are the most resistant to changes under the environmental conditions of growth. The Vostorg, the Original and the Zory of Anapa grapes have the greatest range of variation in the duration of the growing season, depending on weather conditions. These varieties are the most sensitive to the changes under the environmental conditions of growth. The closest correlation of the growing season duration of the most studied grapes varieties is established from the average daily air temperature during the period from bud open to physiological maturity of berries. It is shown, that the correlation between the duration of growing period of grapes plants and sum of active air temperature are average and high.

Annotation

There are 4911 varieties of table and technical grapes are in the ampelographic collection of the Anapa Zonal Experimental Station now. This collection is replenished annually due to introductions, breeding of hybrids, searching for wild forms. The dominant part of the collection's gene pool belongs to the species Vitis vinifera L., about 2 % comes from Vitis labrusca L., the single varieties belong to some other types of grapes. As a result of the varietal composition analysis of table grapes according to the timing of maturation, a relatively identical quantitative selection of varieties annually are established. It allows you to create an economically viable conveyor of production and sale of table grapes, taking into account the specifics of the resort area of the Black Sea coast. Of particular value are varieties of early and super early ripening, which provide the highest profitability of table viticulture, but it is not enough in the assortment of early ripening varieties, and this problem is very important for the resort Southern areas. There is a great need for stable table grape varieties with large, elegant bunches and berries with unusual shape and beautiful color of the berries, characterized by high taste qualities. According to these parameters, the highest selling price of grapes is formed. Analysis of the composition of technical grape varieties revealed their quantitative varietal ratio in the processing of grape products. This makes it possible to evenly load the capacity of the plants for the production of wine. It is shown in the article that favorable weather conditions contributed to the full flowering pollination of grapevines. Therefore, the bunches were aligned and full at the main quantity of varieties. In this regard, the share of technical varieties with a harvest of up to 90 quintals per hectare decreased by 30 % compared to 2015. And the share of varieties with a yield of more than 150 centners per hectare increased.