Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

Nikolay Ivanovich Vavilov had been paid much attention to study of climatic requirements of varieties of cultivated plants. The global warming of climate which has began in the 70th of the XX century caused the change of bioclimatic capacity of regions. Trends of agric and climatic characteristics are local and various in the different regions of country. The references unanimously recognize the temperature factor as the most important factor of regulation of grapes phenology. A research objective is to carry out the regression analysis of dates of the beginning of phenophases of grapes varieties and their duration under the conditions of Nizhny Don Region. The research were conducted on ampelographic collection of the Research Institute of Viticulture and Winemaking named after Ya.I. Potapenko. Long-term data (1981-2014) of phenological observation over 71 grapes varieties are analyzed. Duration of period from the beginning of bud break to the beginning of plants flowering completely depends on conditions of year; coefficient of correlation of duration of this period with average temperature - r=-0,91. Duration of period after flowering substantially depends on a variety. Phases of the bud break, flowering and maturing of berries of different varieties are beginning under conditions of Nizhny Don Region at the temperatures of 11-16º�, 20-24º�, 22-27º� respectively; the full maturity of berries is reached at temperatures of 26-15º�. Start date of bud break is strongly correlated with a date of transition of temperatures above 10º�, start date of blossoming is correlated with temperatures higher 20º�. The beginning of maturing and a full maturity of grapes berries pass practically through the constant for every variety number of days after the beginning of blossoming. These processes are being accelerated by temperatures above 20º� for early varieties and above 25º� - for later varieties.

Annotation

Analysis of the mechanical stability of grape berries is important for understanding the consumer value of fresh grapes, their resistance to diseases, vermins, and meteorological factors. The aim of the work is to analyze the detaching and crushing force for grape berries in contrast groups of varieties and to study their relationship with other agrobiological features and weather conditions. 41 grape varieties from the Ya. I. Potapenko Don ampelographic collection were studied: 32 table, 4 seedless and 5 universal varieties. The sample includes 12 varieties of Vitis vinifera L., 6 varieties of interspecific origin V. vinifera L. × V. amurensis Rupr., 1 variety V. vinifera L. × V. labrusca L., 21 hybrids with several American species, 1 complex interspecific hybrid of European-Amuro-American origin. The difference in indicators of mechanical stability of berries in groups of different direction of use, taxonomic origin, maturation period, color of berries was studied. The correlation of indicators of mechanical stability of berries with each other, with other characteristics of varieties, with weather conditions is studied. The positive relationship between the size of the berry and its mechanical stability noted in the literature is confirmed. Table varieties have a larger berry size and have greater mechanical stability of berries than universal and seedless ones. The group of complex hybrids with American grape species was characterized by a large berry size and greater mechanical stability of the berries compared to varieties and intraspecific hybrids of V. vinifera L., and interspecific hybrids of V. vinifera L. × V. amurensis Rupr. There was a large mechanical stability of varieties with black berries. There were no differences in the mechanical stability of the berry in varieties of different maturation periods. The formation of a large number of elements of productivity, a large amount of precipitation during the ripening period of berries lead to reducing the mechanical stability of berries.

Annotation

Stability of development of national economy demands the implementation of state regulation measures for overcoming of reduction of national genetic resources of animals and plants. In a national strategy of preservation of Russia biodiversity the important part is assigned to creation of information system on genetic resources. The Vitis collections are in the world on the 23rd place. The largest holders of grapes collections are the institutes of France and Germany. In the world a lot of work on creation of national and global information banks of plants genetic resources is carried out. Since 2008 the Genesys project - the world information center of genetic resources of agricultural plants is carried out. It unites the following information resources: SINGER, EURISCO and GRIN. The international organizations and the government organizations of the USA develop the international databank of plants genetic resources of GRIN-Global. The international bibliographic database of VITIS-VEA grapes is created. On the basis of Federal scientific center of cultural plants of JKI (Germany) in 2007 the European database of grapes (The European Vitis Database) is created. At the N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of genetic resources of plants for management of a collection from 1970th the database of genetic resources of plants is developed, replenished and modified. This base contains the information on 202725 samples of the main catalog. The priority in creation of a databank on grapes in the CIS countries belongs to Institute of grapes and wine "Magarach". The database of a gene pool of the Russian ampelographic collection (Anapa) contains the information on 50 indicators. In the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Vine growing and Winemaking (Novocherkassk) the work on creation of database of an ampelographic collection of Institute is carried out. The methodology of creation of the electronic database of grapes genetic resources is developed.

Annotation

For the characteristic of thermal requirements of viticulture and some grapes varieties the numerous of indexes are used: sum of average day temperatures and effective temperatures, minimal temperature of inter phase periods, temperatures of beginning of phenophase, average temperatures of inter phase periods. The purpose of this research is the characteristic of temperature requirements of varieties cultivated under the conditions of Nizhny Don Region on the basis of analysis of 71 grapes varieties from Ya.I. Potapenko Research Institute of Viticulture and Winemaking collection, that presents the varieties differ in term of maturing and a way of maintaining culture and direction of use. Research showed that under the conditions of Nizhny Don Region the period from bud break to flowering is characterized by sum of temperatures of 655 �C for all varieties. The period from the beginning of flowering to beginning of ripening has duration of 39-68 days and 885-1596�C. The average duration period from the beginning of ripening to full maturity of berries varies from 19 up to 51 days, the sum of temperatures - from 457 up to 1129�C. The studied varieties considerably differ on the sum of temperatures for vegetation: from 2068 up to 3205�C. Different degree of dependence of inter phase duration from temperatures is confirmed by the correlation analysis: strong correlation during the period from the bud break to flowering (average coefficient of correlation is r =-0,91), the duration of the production period depends lesser from average temperature (r =-0,74). Duration of period from the beginning of flowering to the beginning of ripening doesn't depend on the average temperature (r =-0,30), period from the beginning before full maturing depends not strongly (r =-0,45). The model of constancy of the sums of effective temperatures above a temperature minimum works well for the period from bud break to flowering (the sum of temperatures above 10-11�C is equal 270�C) and for production period in whole (the sum of temperatures above 11 �C varied from 814 to 2029�C for grapes varieties).

Annotation

The effects of climate change and their impact on agriculture, including viticulture, have became an actual problem. Typical for Russian viticulture are low-temperature stresses in a winter, excessively high temperatures and an acute deficit of precipitation in summer. The studies were carried out on the Anapa (Anapa) and the Don (Novocherkassk) ampelographic collections, 350 km apart. In the Anapa region, a change in air temperature is accompanied by a change in the beginning of the grape vegetation phases at a later date. In the varieties of the Western European ecological-geographical group, there was a reduction in the period from bud break up to the beginning of flowering: in technical varieties for � 9 days, and in the table varieties � for 2 days. The period from the beginning of flowering to the beginning of ripening of berries was shorten for 3 days for technical varieties and for 6 days for table ones. A similar trend is for technical varieties of the eastern eco-geographical group. A tendency to reduce the period from bud break to the beginning of grape ripening for a period of 5 to 26 days has been found for varieties of Western European and Eastern groups as well as for group of the Black Sea coast. In the �Don� area, the beginning of bud blooming has not changed in only 2 varieties (Muscadel, Plavai), in other varieties it occurs 1-4 days earlier. The beginning of flowering did not change for Galan variety, but for Aligote variety it became 2 days later, in all other studied varieties this process began earlier up to 7 days. The duration of the period from the beginning of bud blooming to flowering in 3 varieties did not change, in 6 varieties increased in 1-3 days, for the other 14 varieties � decreased in 1-5 days.