Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

At the first Russian wine-making forum, which took place in the autumn of 2022 in Moscow, much attention was paid to the use of autochthonous grape varieties for the production of high-quality wines. Dagestan is one of the regions of wide cultivation of grapes. Due to the presence of a large genetic potential of native varieties in the republic, it is possible to significantly increase the production of grapes for fresh consumption and use them as raw materials for processing on wine products. The experimental samples of dessert wines from grapes of autochthonous technical varieties Gimra Novaya and Fioletta, grown in the conditions of the southern viticultural plain zone at the Dagestan breeding experimental station of viticulture and vegetable growing of the branch of the FSBSI NCFSCHVW, were studied. Physico-chemical parameters were determined by standard methods used in enochemistry. The study of phenolic substances and vitamins was carried out using capillary electrophoresis on the device �Kapel 104T�, RF, NPF LUMEX. A higher content (in mg/dm3 ) of phenolic substances (4022,0), anthocyanins (213,0), ascorbic (72,52), chlorogenic (2,16), orotic (3,52), caffeic (14,35) and gallic acids (11,9) were found in wine from Gimra Novaya grapes, compared with wine from the Fioletta variety (the grape must of both prototypes was infused on the pulp for 24 hours). The total content of biologically active substances in the studied wines was 49,04 (Fioletta, infusion of grape must for 24 hours); 111,04 (Gimra Novaya, infusion of grape must for 24 hours) and 122,39 mg/dm3 (Fioletta, infusion of grape must for 24 hours). The infusion of the grape must on the pulp for 48 hours in wine from Fioletta grapes caused an increase in the total amount of these compounds by 2,5 times compared to the infusion of 24 hours. Dessert wines from the varieties Gimra Novaya and Fioletta were characterized by a clean, fresh varietal aroma, a long berry aftertaste with nuances of wild thorn and smoky prunes. The obtained results can be used in biotechnology in the manufacture of high-quality wines from autochthonous grape varieties.

Annotation

The presence of organic acids and cations in the grapes and its processing products affects their taste and nutritional properties. Pools of these substances in the berry skin and seeds of the grape varieties of Gimra Novaya, Kaberne Sovin'on, Muskat Bely, Pervenets Magaracha and in the dry wine materials from the Gimra Novaya, Fioletta and Pervenets Magaracha varieties were studied. To determine the composition and content of organic acids (�-04-47-2007) and cations (M-01-32-2008), a capillary electrophoresis system was used � �Kapel-104T�, LLC NPF �LUMEX�. Tartaric, acetic and malic acids are identified in the elements of the berry structure. Their largest content (0.24 g/dm3 ) is revealed in the Muskat Bely grapes. In each of the wine materials the tartaric, citric, lactic, acetic, malic and succinic acids are found. The most significant amounts, respectively, of malic, succinic and acetic acids � 2.39; 1.72 and 0.85 g/dm3 were determined in the wine material from the Gimra Novaya grape variety, and the lactic acid � 0.27 g/dm3 from the Fioletta variety, wine and citric acids � 6.20 and 0.69 g/dm3 were determined in the wine material from the Gimra Novaya variety and Pervenets Magaracha, in which the total concentration of acids � 10.03 g/dm3 was the highest. In the skin of the berry, seeds and wine materials the cations of ammonium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sodium are identified. In terms of their total number, the Muscat white variety � 174.07 mg/dm3 and wine material from Gimra Novaya grape � 1933.57 mg/dm3 were the leaders. The terroir of the South of the Daghestan Caspian Sea plain is favorable for the formation of pools of organic acids and cations in the grapes, which contributes to the production of wine materials with high enological potential.

Annotation

The grape industry is among the leading in the agro-industrial complex of Dagestan. In 2021, 219 thousand tons of grapes were harvested in the republic. About 70 % of the yield is raw materials for the production of alcoholic beverages. Autochthonous varieties are often used to produce high-quality wines along with introduced grape varieties. The chemical composition of wines is an important indicator of their taste, aroma and health benefits. The presence of amino acids, especially essential ones, in natural wines indicates their functional orientation. The purpose of the research is to determine the qualitative composition and quantitative content of amino acids in experimental samples of wine materials for dry wines made from the technical varieties of the grapes Gimra Novaya, Pervenets Magaracha and Fioletta, grown on the plain in the southern viticulture zone of Dagestan. The presence of amino acids was determined in four prototypes of red and pink wine materials using the capillary electrophoresis system "KAPYeL-105", OOO NPF �LUMEX�. The method of measuring the mass concentration of proteinogenic amino acids (MVI M 04-38-2004, St. Petersburg, 2004) was used. From 7 to 11 amino acids are identified, among which partially replaceable is arginine; conditionally indispensable � tyrosine and essential � valine, leucine, methionine, tryptophan, phenylalanine. A significant amount of the substituted amino acid proline was found in red wine material from the Gimra Novaya variety � 145.3 mg/dm3 . Also, a significant amount of partially replaceable arginine was found in pink wine material from the Pervenets Magaracha and Fioletta varieties � 3.9 mg/dm3 . The composition and concentrations of representatives of amino acid pools identified in new wine materials from grapes of the local breeding varieties Gimra Novaya and Fioletta, as well as the introduced variety of the Pervenets Magaracha, grown in terroir located on the Caspian plain of southern Dagestan, indicate that these wines are functional products. The use in optimal doses of table dry wines formed from these wine materials will be useful for normalizing the activities of various systems of the human body.

Annotation

It is present the results of the study of the content of macroand micronutrients in apricot fruits of Krasnoschekiy, Uzden, Uncukulskiy pozdniy, Honobah and Shalakh varieties, grown in the unique natural conditions of Dagestan � on the plain, in the foothills and in the mountain river valley. The purpose of the research is to determine the varieties of apricots that are most capable to synthesize the valuable components of the chemical composition in fruits and to identify fruit zones of the ecological optimum for their cultivation in Daghestan. The elemental composition of apricot fruits was studied by flame and atomic absorption photometry, the content of sugars, titrated acids, pectins and vitamin C � titrimetric, phenols and vitamin P � colorimetric. The detected differences in the chemical composition, depending on the genetics of the apricot variety, made it possible to objectively assess their nutritional merits. The local variety of Honobah held the championship in the mass concentration of sugars (12.5 g/100 cm3 ), ascorbic acid (29.3 mg %) and vitamin P (71.7 mg %). The best ability to accumulate titrated acids (1.91%) and pectin substances (1.03%) was distinguished by the Uncukulskiy Pozdniy variety. A significant amount of phenolic substances (123.7 mg%) was determined in the Uzden variety. The introduced variety of Shalah showed the best ability to accumulate almost all mineral substances identified in the fruits. It was revealed that on the plain the natural factors cause a high concentration in apricots of sugars � 8.7-12.5 g/100 cm3 and minerals: potassium (258.9- 377.5 mg%), calcium (28.2-42.8 mg%), sodium (30.3-54.7 mg %), magnesium (39.3-61.4 mg %) and iodine (0.7-1.2 μg%). In the foothills and mountain-valley area the conditions are more favorable for the synthesis of vitamins C and P � 13.9-29.3; 49.3-71.7 mg %, titrated acids � 1.29-1.91%, pectins � 0.68-1.03 %, phenolic substances � 79.5-123.7 mg %, high concentration of trace elements: zinc (47.8-77.3 μg%), copper (106.1-146.0 μg%) and iron 399.7-568.1μg%). Such studies are important for the effective use of the resource potential of fruit zones located at different altitudes above sea level and for the production of new products from apricots with high concentrations of macroand micronutrients.

Annotation

The grape-growing industry is a priority in the agro-industrial complex of Daghestan. At present, when special attention is paid to creating conditions for the production of "protected geographical indication" wines, it is necessary to expand the research of grape raw materials used for their production. In this regard, in the Republic of Daghestan the study of nutritional and technological properties of new autochthonous grape varieties, along with introduced ones is actual, to recommend the production of wines from them that can increase the prestige of local wine products. It is determined that the qualitative composition and quantitative content of pools of aroma-producing substances in red and rose wine materials made from grapes of technical local varieties Gimra Novaya and Fioletta, as well as the Pervenets Magaracha (harvest 2019), grown in the conditions of the Derbent district of the Republic of Daghestan on the plantation of the Dagestan Selecting Testing Station of Viticulture and Horticulture � branch of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution �North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Winemaking�. Aroma-producing substances were determined on a gas chromatograph �Crystal 2000M� (RF). A significant amount of carbonyl compounds (325.48 mg/dm3 ) and esters (252.94 mg/dm3 ) was found in the rose wine material produced from the Pervenets Magaracha and Fioletta varieties. The highest total number of higher alcohols (1871.37 mg/dm3 ) and aromatic components (2588.68 mg/dm3 ) was found in the wine material from the red variety Gimra Novaya. A high concentration of 2,3 butylene glycol and a higher alcohol, isoamyl alcohol, was noted. The total mass concentration of volatile acids in the studied experimental samples of wine materials was 439.56-781.28 mg/dm3 . It is determined that the natural conditions of the southern zone of Daghestan are favourable for the cultivation of grapes of autochthonous varieties Gimra Novaya, Fioletta and introduced variety Pervenets Magaracha. Using them as raw materials for obtaining high-quality wine materials will allow you to form in their bouquet the tones of smoky prunes, hints of the taste of pomegranate and blackthorn fruits.