Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Kuznetsov Gennadiy
Articles in journal: (total 6)
It is shown that the system of machines, applied now, on many positions doesnt coincide with a demanded complex of machines for the long-term fruit plantings and vinegrapes, especially with a perspective system of machines. The many factors influence on the state, level and prospect of mechanization development of fruit growing and wine growing: land relief, size of plantings, schemes of plants landings. The characteristics of modern and perspective machines for cultivation and harvesting of long-term plantings (fruits and grapes) are submitted on the results of studying of technological prosess of machine working. The defects of operating system of machines the lack of the domestic machines for landing and cutting, beveling, defoliation, etc. of perennial plants, are noted. Existing power means dont meet the modern requirements of perspective production technologies of fruits and grapes, and the requirements for energy saving and ecology. There is a conclusion that it is necessary to develop the domestic machines for mechanization of the most labor-intensive processes of landing, cutting, defoliation of plants, and beveling of herbs in the row-spacings. So it is necessary to introduce more in the production the limit applied diskators of type BDM-25x2 and reconstructed OP-2000 sprayers, with prospect of their replacement of more perfect types, for example "NARDI" (Denmark). The addresses of producers and dealers of mechanization means are given in the article.
The analysis of the known methods of the soil maintenance between rows of perennial plantations is given. It is shown that the mulch layer of herbaceous plants weighed down retains moisture in the soil; reduces the energy and labor costs, erosion and soil compaction by machines; provides a natural process of reproduction of soil fertility.
It is established that the indicators of work of aggregate including a tractor MTZ-82 and harrow BDM-2,5×2 correspond to agro-technical requirements, they increase the technological and constructive reliability of work and reduce the costs of manpower and resources
It is known that the long cultivation of grapes culture on one the place leads to violation of the existing level of soil fertility because of alienation of part of plant production with a harvest and carrying out of nutrient elements by the phytomass of a bush. The level of fertility of the soil decreases, her water physical properties become worse, the expenses on the soil processing increase, the economic effect of cultivations decreases. Research are carried out under the conditions of Anapo-Tamansky agric-climatic zone of cultivation of grapes. Studying of technological processes of soil maintenance in the row-spacings of the fructifying vineyards was carried out according to the available references, patents and test reports. We have carried out the research on studying of ensuring level of soils with a humus on grapes plantings, and we used forest belts as control, for comparison and establishment of scales of lands degradation at a monoculture of grapes. The results of laboratory analyses have shown that the level of soils ensuring with a humus on the vineyards, cultivated in the monoculture mode, in the top soil layer lower than in the forest belts. Similar indicators in the most cases have occurred also in the soil layer of 25-50 cm. In this article the results of the analysis of the use of machines for mechaniza-tion of perennial plantings care at their cultivation on fallow system and sod-humus system are presented. The advantages and disadvantages of used cars are noted. To increase in degree of reproduction of soil fertility, it is recommended to develop a device for mowing improved cut shredder of plant mass. The aim is to improve process of rows copying of cultivated perennial plants and soil micro-relief by automatic tracking systems.
The technology of processing of the soil applied now on vineyards on system of black steam is followed by degradation of the soil, the natural process of reproduction of fertility is broken. For decrease in mechanical impact on the soil the biological and resource-saving ways of the maintenance of the soil of vineyards and the effective use of natural resources in productional process of grapes are offered. Merits and demerits of the existing technological processes and cars providing the reproduction of soil fertility are noted. The perspective way of the maintenance of row-spaces of grapes (patent No. 2459399 C1) allowing to eliminate the existing defects is offered: to decrease of mechanical load on the soil, its consolidation, to restore soil fertility. The biological system of the soil maintenance is its basis: the grassy plants sowed in grapes row-spaces remain on a root in adjacent to a soil surface state. So as don't prevent the vegetation of grapes, a grass is bended. The "pillow" formed thus from a continuous grass cover (a vegetative mulch) protects the soil from an overheat, keeps the soil moisture in a hot season, prevents a deep freezing of the soil in the winter, reduces wind and water erosion, deformation of the soil by cars and slows down a mineralization of organic substances. Involvement of organic weight provides the reproduction of water and physical properties and fertility of the soil. At such maintenance of the soil the productivity of grapes plantings increases, power and labor expenses decrease.