Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Vorobyova Tatyana
Articles in journal: (total 18)
The presence in the soil of aggressive chemicals, under the conditions of a permanent anthropogenic factor, reduces the activity of microbiological activity and biochemical processes. The ability of pesticides to bioaccumulate activates the processes of soil degradation and pesticide's migration in the ecosystem of soil-plant-grapes. The structure change of the upper fertile soil layer, the aggressiveness of toxic chemicals in relation to microbes increases in its degradation. The purpose of this work is to study the mechanisms of biotransformation of the degraded ampelocenoses soil. The objects of research are the industrial grape orchards of the technical grape variety of Cabernet-Sauvignon, the vineyard's soil, the grapes, toxic residues, biofertilizer and the agric ways of the soil matenance in the vineyards. The technogenic load was estimated according to the pollution degree of the ampelocenoses ecosystem (soil-grapes) by toxic elements. The determination of toxic residues was carried out according to generally accepted procedures using chromatographs: gas "Color 500 M", liquid "KNAUER" and atomic absorption spectrophotometer "Kvant-AFA". The biochemical composition of the grape must was determined by the method of capillary electrophoresis using "Kapel-104T" and "Kapel-105". The degree of microbiological efficiency and decomposition of biomass of bio-fertilizer + EM-1 + mezga was determined taking into account to the number of bacteria and actinomycetes in the soil of experimental plots after one-year application of pulp with organic fertilizer. In the process of research, the mechanisms of biotransformation are established, due to soil enrichment with complex biofertilizer, which activates the processes of formation and functioning of soil biocenosis, ensuring the decay of persistent toxic chemicals. The number of actinomycetes increased by 3.0 % and bacteria by 15.5 %, the concentration of toxicants in the soil decreased by 35 % (spring) and by 57 % (autumn). The content of nutrients (organic acids) in the grapes increased from 7 % to 17 %.
The soil of vineyards treated with pesticides is the main accumulator of their toxic residues that migrate in the ecological chain soil-plant-grape. Among the main factors that affect the yield and quality of grape-wine products, is the progressive soil degradation of grape plantations. In the vineyards, the soil is degraded to a greater degree because the process of its cultivation and hard exploitation going on for a long time. Recently, due to the loss of active humus and the loss of microbial activity, there has been a decrease in fertility and the accumulation of toxic chemical compounds in the soil. The soil loses its characteristic structure and functions, there is a loss of natural microflora, and this reduces the ability to selfpurification, nitrogen fixation, and mobilization of food elements, which in the end is marked by a shortage and deterioration in the quality of grape and wine products. Increasing in the biological potential of the soil is possible by providing it with biomaterial in the form of humified plant residues that increase in the suppressiveness of the soil and activate the process of destruction of persistent toxic compounds to safe levels. The study of increased natural and energy potential of the vineyards soil that are devoid of rotational-restorative agro bioprocess is still an acutely relevant and in-demand research area. The relevance of the presented research and the novelty of the existing problem is confirmed by incomplete data in the world practice on the use of deficient biomaterial in biological agriculture and is determined by the feasibility of using the achievements of biotechnology in vineyards. The rational and promising direction of application of organic fertilizer in industrial vineyards include the secondary waste of grape production. This paper presents the scientific and methodological materials and results of complex agrotechnical and ecological toxicological studies in viticulture.
The results of complex agritechnical and ecological-toxicological study of industrial vineyards are advanced. The improved organizational and agricultural practices (elements) of agri-biotechnology to increase productivity vineyards, resource saving, preservation and stabilization of the energy potential of environment are presented.
The feasibility of new agricultural practices of ecologized grapes growing with use of green fertilizers and effective microorganisms is justified. The positive results of their influence on the soil purification from toxic impurities and the vineyards productivity and grapes quality on safety indexes are shown.
It is shown, that scientific and practical data of eco-toxicological monitoring allow to analyze and base of the optimal parameters of agrotechnologes of biorelaxation of vineyard technogenic pollution on the basis of restoration of soil homeostasis.