Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

Accumulation of chemicals substances in the ecosystem of grapes plantings is defined by the technological and agric methods applied in the process of cultivation of this culture. Study of influence of new biological and agric methods of soil keeping of vineyards on quality of vine and wine-making products was the purpose of these research. The research were conducted in the witiculture's areas of the South of Kuban (Taman area) in the industrial plantings of specialized farms. Object of research is ecosystem of industrial grapes plantings. The soil samples and samples of the ripened grapes were selected during spring and autumn period on the vineyards treated by pesticides. Definition of toxic remains in the production was carried out by the standard techniques with use of gas chromatograph "Colour 500M", liquid ones "KNAUER" and the nuclear and absorbing spectrophotometer �Guantum-AFA. The methods of a capillary electrophoresis "Capel-103" and "Capel-105" are used for biochemical analysis. The results of ecological and toxicological research confirmed the ability to bioaccumulation of soil toxic compounds as well as an increase of toxic compound�s concentration in the food (trophic) chains. The soil replenishment by organic material in the form of biofertilizers revitalizes the soil and cleans it from xenobiotics and allows to receive the grapes without toxic inclusions and to improve considerably its quality by biochemical indicators. It is established that at 3-years application of presented biotechnology of grapes plantings keeping the degree of migration of dangerous chemicals from the soil into grapes berries decreases by 60-90%; the toxic remains in the berries don't exceed the established norms; biochemical indicators in some positions are improved in 2-4 times in comparison with control option. As a result of our research the biological and agritechnical methods are scientifically founded. These methods ensure the food safety and high quality of viticulture�s productions in accordance with biochemical and sanitary and hygienic indicators.

Annotation

The results of complex agric and technological research of the soil maintenance of row-spaces of industrial vineyards of the Temryuksky district of Krasnodar Region are presented in the article. The long-term technogenic impact on the soil of heavy machinery and toxic agric chemicals at traditional agric technology of grapes cultivation is noted. Changes of physical and chemical composition of the soil and its structure are shown. As a result its biologically active potential reduces. The ability to bioaccumulation of soil pesticides in the upper soil horizon is established. The obtained data confirm the proceeding process of biological degradation of the soil of long-term plantings. The purpose of our researches is to develop and improve the way of the soil maintenance of vineyards allowing to restore and stabilize the energy potential of agric orchards. Research were conducted in the vine-growing zones of the South of Kuban in the industrial plantings of a specialized farm. "Mirnyi" of the Temryuksky district of Krasnodar Region. Objects of research is production planting of a technical grapes variety of Cabernet Sauvignon of 2004 landing, the scheme of planting of bushes - is 4×2 m. Ecological and toxicological monitoring of the soil of grapes plantings was carried out by the technique developed and patented (patent No. 2380888) by toxicological laboratory of NCRRIH&V. Definition of the pesticides remains in the soil and grapes was carried out by the approved techniques. The developed way of the soil maintenance is based on complex use of organic fertilizer at additional entering into the soil of effective microorganisms. Advantages of this way are the decrease in impurity of the soil toxic chemicals; the improvement of physical and chemical composition and structure of the soil; the increase in productivity of grapes on average by 13,3 %; the decrease in production costs of grapes cultivation by 2,6 %; an increase of net profit by 56,5 %.

Annotation

Results of the ecological-toxicological monitoring of grape plantings at intensive technogenic loading which is carried out to the current of several years are presented. The accumulation by the soil of toxic elements and their partial migration established early in plants is confirmed. It leads to decrease in biological activity of the soil and and at the same time to increase in concentration toxic in food (trophic) chains. For improvement of the branch production allowing to improve an ecological condition of grape plantings it is necessary to have the information about the quantitative and qualitative level of pollution of plantings in an ecosystem of vineyards. Therefore the purpose of the real work was scientific justification of ecological-toxicological monitoring, as one of basic elements of the management of biogreening of an ecosystem ampelotseno-call based on ekologo-toxicological normalization and optimization of systems of protection against harmful objects. Definition of the toxic remains was carried out by the standard techniques with use of chromatographs, gas "Colour 500M", liquid "KNAUER" and nuclear absorbing spectrophotometer "Quantum - AFA". It is established that for the period 2010-2014gg at pesticidal load of agrogrounds of grape plantings 124 kg/ga the remains of the chemicals exceeding admissible norms were found in the soil to 10,0 PDK and in grapes to 4,0 MDU. In total it was found pesticides on active ingredient to 24 names, among them 10 connections of the toxic metabolites which are characterized not by smaller danger, than an initial preparation. By results of researches the method of ecological-toxicological monitoring of grapes plantings (patent No. 2380888) is developed and patented. The main estimated indicators of an after-effect of the pesticides applied in branch which are among "background" and "seasonal" pollutants of vineyards are established depending on agrotechnical methods of cultivation of grapes.

Annotation

Tasks for basic research of transformation of triazoles on vineyards are to determine the mechanisms of biochemical process of their accumulation, translocation and degradation of ecosystems �soil � grapes�. To this purpose, fungicidal heterocyclic compounds with three or more heteroatoms in the cycle chromatographic identification of triazoles and their toxic products of metabolism is executed. The article presents the results of the identification of triazoles in the soil and grapes, performance criteria for the identification of fungicides obtained an improved method of research.

Annotation

Results of complex agrotechnical and ecologo-toxicological researches in viticulture are presented. A positive role of new agricultural practices of activation of living ability the soil microflora ampelocenosis to accelerate the degradation of pesticides by organic fertilizer and effective microorganisms is defined.