Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The work's purpose is scientifically to found a method of control of grapes quality on indicators of hygienic safety, based on ecological systems and toxicological normalization and optimization of vineyards from harmful objects. The research were conducted in the viticulture zones of the South of Kuban (Anapa-Taman) in the industrial plantings of the specialized farms. Objects of research is production of grapes plantings of table and technical varieties. The soil samples and samples of the ripened grapes were selected during the spring and autumn period on the vineyards processed by pesticides. A problem of conducted research is to analyse and establish the main indicators forming the food safety of production. The results of complex ecological and toxicological research in viticulture under condition's of long-term technogenic impact on agric plots are presented. The ability to bioaccumulation of soil pesticides, the increase of their concentration in the food (trophic) chains and need of improvement of production for receiving ecologically safe products of grapes and wine is noted. Definition of the toxic remains was carried out by the standard techniques with use of chromatographs � gas "Colour 500M", liquid "KNAUER" and the nuclear absorbing spectrophotometer "Quantum � AFA". It is established that for the period 2009-2013 at pesticidal load on grapes plantings (5,7 kg/hectare of fungicides; 5,3 kg/hectare of insecticides) the chemical's remains, exceeding the admissible norms, were found in the soil to 2,7 maximum concentration limits and in the grapes is to 3,0. In total it was found to 24 names of pesticides, including 10 toxic metabolites not less dangerous, than a preparation itself. By results of research the method of control of grapes quality in the biosystems of ampelocenosis using the indicators of hygienic safety is developed and scientifically reasonable. The main estimated characteristics of an after-effect of applied pesticides are defind and justified: the indicators of residual quantities of soil and season toxicants depending on agric and technical methods of grapes cultivation and their influence on food safety of production.

Annotation

The possibilities of definition by chromatographic methods of toxic pesticide residues, using a long time in the vineyards of the southern region of the Russian Federation are presented. It explains their accumulation in the soil, and so in grapes and wine-making products. The use of gas and liquid chromatography allows with high sensitivity to determine their toxic metabolites with original preparations

Annotation

Organic fungicides of systemic action are applied in the vineyards more than two decades to fight against fungal diseases, which led to the soil contamination of cultivated plantings. In the process of studying their degradation, the toxic compounds were found, which persist for a long time in the soil of agricultural land, and reduce the soil suppression indicators. The organic fungicides of the systemic action of the triazole group (falcon, universal, kolosal, kolosal pro) are unificated by the presence in their composition of the tebuconazole active substance, distinguished by the duration and stability in the soil of the cultivated grape plantings. This fact dictates the need to increase in the suppression of the soil, affecting the detoxification of toxic inclusions. The study of the influence of soil suppression enriched with biologi cal fertilizer from wine-making waste the tebuconazole detoxification is the goal of this work. Tebuconazole residues in the soil were determined according to generally accepted methods using a �Color 500M� gas chromatograph. It has been established that the treatments of vineyards against fungal diseases with fungicides of the systemic action of the triazole group lead to soil contamination with tebuconazole. Long-term use in the vineyards of fungicides containing a tebuconazole, showed that by the period of the next treatment its concentration in the soil exceeds the permissible rate (up to 7.90 MAC). It was revealed that 2-fold introduction of biomaterial from wine-making waste into the soil of vineyards increases the properties of soil suppressiveness, activating the process of detoxifying tebuconazole from 7.9 to 3.3 MPC. The partial detoxication of tebuconazole has been established by the enrichment of the soil with natural compounds in the form of wastes from the grape industry. The need to use this kind of organic fertilizer as a detoxifying agents require further development of the modification of its functional composition and physical-biochemical properties.