Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

One of the limiting factors of consistently high yields with good quality are various diseases of the crop. For example, diseases caused by phytoplasmas can have a serious negative impact the quantity of the crop and its quality, which can further affect the quality of wine products and profits. Phytoplasmas are one of the most dangerous phytopathogens. On grapes, they are represented by two species � Candidatus Phytoplasma vitis Flavescence dorée (causes Golden yellowing of grapes) and Candidatus Phytoplasma solani Bois noir. Many plant diseases that are thought to be caused by phytoplasmas were described before molecular genetic studies identified the various groups of phytoplasmas that cause these diseases. It is now possible to assess the relationship between the classification of phytoplasmas and specific plant diseases. Golden yellowing of leaves is a quarantine disease for the Russian Federation and the European Union and it causes a great damage to vineyards, so quick and accurate identification of this disease is very important. The main method for identifying phytoplasmas is real-time PCR (RT-PCR) with specific primer systems. The aim of our study was to compare the methods for extracting DNA from plant tissue affected by phytoplasma for further real-time PCR. This study showed that the samples isolated using the commercial kits "AgroDiagnostics" and "CytoSorb" show the similar results, while the sample isolated by the laboratory method based on the use of CTAB buffer showed higher and earlier peaks on the graph, which is important for detecting a small amount of pathogen in the test material and proves the greater effectiveness of this method of isolation.

Annotation

The main biological and economically valuable characteristics of the recognised grape varieties of the NCFSCHVW breeding are presented: Alcor and Granatovyi. Grapevine varieties for high-quality red wine production were obtained by intraspecific crosses of V. vinifera. The genotypes are adapted to the local conditions of cultivation, varieties Alcor and Granatovyi surpass Cabernet-Sauvignon in terms of resistance to pathogens in the conditions of the South of Russia. The Alcor and Granatovyi grape varieties are used to produce high-quality table and liqueur wines, as well as grape juice. The grapes of the Alcor and Granatovyi varieties are characterized by a high technological reserve of phenolic compounds, exceeding the similar indicator of Cabernet-Sauvignon by an average of 15 %. The wines have been repeatedly awarded high awards at Russian and international competitions and exhibitions. Table red wines from the Alcor and Granatovyi grape varieties are characterized by a full harmonious taste and a well-defined varietal aroma, a high total concentration of phenolic compounds, including anthocyanins, which cause an intense elegant dark ruby color. Liqueur wines also have a very intense color, with aging, the properties of liqueur wines are improved. Table and liqueur wines from the varieties Alcor and Granatovyi have a high concentration of antioxidants, including resveratrol and phenol-carboxylic acids. Alcor (2017) and Granatovyi (1987) varieties are included in the State Register of breeding achievements of the Russian Federation, approved for use. It is proved that the grapevine varieties of domestic breeding Alcor and Granatovyi are worthy competitors of European varieties for expanding the range of table and liqueur wines in the conditions of the south of Russia.

Annotation

Seedless grapes are in great demand in the world. On the basis of the mass of seed rudiments, varieties are divided into 4 classes � from almost complete absence to fairly large seed primordia. Large size grape berries of 1-2 class of seedlessness are especially attractive for the consumer. The aim of the work was to study the manifestation of the trait of seedlessness in a group of varieties belonging to seedless varieties of various origins and the class of seedlessness, growing on the Anapa ampelographic collection. Research was carried out in 2019, 2020 and 2022 on 16 grape varieties � Attica, Kishmish belyi kruglyi, Kishmish belyi oval'nyi, Kishmish kruglyi, Kishmish rozovyi, Kishmish safed okruglyi, Kishmish Sogdiana, Yangi Er, Bessemyannyi Magaracha, Vanessa, Kishmish Zaporozhskiy, Lotus, Mars, Pamyati Dombkovskoy, Pamyati Smirnova (Assol), Rusbol, belonging to the group of seedless varieties of various classes of seedlessness and different origin (V. vinifera and interspecific origin). Determination of the mass of rudiments in the berry was carried out after dehydration of a sample of seed rudiments from berries. The smallest mass of seed rudiments in a berry was determined in varieties Kishmish belyi oval'nyi and Kishmish kruglyi. For three years of research, varieties Kishmish belyi kruglyi, Kishmish belyi oval'nyi, Kishmish kruglyi, Kishmish Sogdiana, Mars were singled out as having consistently shown the first class during the years of study, t he Bessemyannyi Magarach variety had the second class of seedlessness, and Pamyati Smirnova (Assol) and Rusbol had the fourth. In the rest of the studied genotypes, the variation of the trait of seedlessness by classes during the years of study was determined. The highest average berry weight was determined in the varieties Attika (3,9 g), Pamyati Smirnova (3,3 g) and Kishmish Sogdiana (3,2 g).