Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The paper presents a literature review for digital technologies and platform solutions in the field of plant protection, which take the industry to a new level of development. The first step towards digitalization is the wide use in the production of various sensors, data units, and operational monitoring stations. The everyday reality is the use in farms of GPS-navigators, controlling the electronic systems installed on technic, and weather stations in the field. In the next step, data coming from devices connected to a unit network in real time are processed and the specialist is provided with the results of the analysis of multiple factors as well as the reason for subsequent actions. This helps to monitor, differentiate technology elements and make the necessary adjustments for each plot. Easy-to-use applications contain the reference materials, identify the vermins, diseases and weeds and help you to choose the pesticide you need and calculate its amount, select and adjust the nozzles for spraying. The development and use of electronic services for �smart� agricultural systems are actively developing abroad, the leading companies in the industry strive to adjust for their IoT platforms. Among the �Internet of things� allow to make the transition to digitalization, unmanned aerial vehicles stand out. The main goal of the drone in plant protection is monitoring and spraying. In the EU, USA, China, Japan, the drones are actively used for crops processing, while in Russia only in May 2019, the Government approved the Rules for the accounting and use of unmanned aerial vehicles. Robotic technologies are also a component of the �digital world�, they occupy a large niche of application in the agriculture, their use in the world reaches 38 %. In the field of plant protection, the technologies are being developed for ultra low-volume application of pesticides, recognition and registration of harmful objects.

Annotation

The assortment of conifers used in landscape construction in the south of Russia has been replenished with new species, forms, and varieties over the past 25-30 years. The expansion of the assortment of coniferous species occurs due to the introduction of plants from other regions with different natural and climatic conditions. Newly planted stands experience stress, which has a negative impact on the immune status of introduced plants. These cultivars are most often affected by fungal diseases and are damaged by numerous phytophages of native origin. The aim of the research was to establish the species composition of sugescent pests of coniferous plants in the urban landscapes of the Krasnodar region. World experience in the study of urban landscapes shows the expansion of the species composition of pests from the Homoptera order. Based on the results of the studies, the species diversity of sugescent pests of coniferous plants in the Krasnodar region was revealed, they were ranked according to the type of dietary, and a database is being formed. It has been established that the dominant representatives of the superfamily Coccidae in the Krasnodar region are: European juniper scale insect (Carulaspis juniperi Bouché) and yew pseudo scale insect (Parthenolecanium pomeranicum Kawecki), pine spindle scale insect (Anamaspis lowi Colvée). The patterns of nutritional adaptation have not only theoretical but also practical significance. It is possible to predict the probable composition of pests on a newly introduced crop based on the obtained data. At the same time, the obtained regularities are one of the theoretical foundations of protective measures for pest control.

Annotation

The article presents the results of studies of bioecological features of the development of pathogens apple powdery mildew �Podosphaera leucotricha (Ell. et Ev.) Salm., cherries and sweet cherries coccomycosis � Blumeriella jaapii (Rehm) Arx; pests cherry fly � Rhagoletis cerasi L., pear psylla � Psylla pyri L. in changing weather conditions for the development of protection technologies. The research was carried out in different zones of the Krasnodar region in field and laboratory conditions using methodological approaches based on modern methods and techniques for the protection of perennial plantings. The most spread of powdery mildew was on highly susceptibility varieties specifically Idared 7.5 %, Jonagold 2.5 %, Florina 3.7 %; on medium�sentient varieties Geneva Early 6.0 %, Golden Delicious 2.2 %, Reinet Simirenko 4.6 %; on low-sentient varieties Gala 4.2 %, Crimson Crisp 0.7%, Slava peremozhtsam 2.0 %, Prikubanskoe 2.6 %. The period of the beginning of the spread of the primary infection of coccomycosis in optimal weather conditions is before the flowering of cherries and sweet cherries, the period of mass dispersal of ascospores was during flowering. Appearance of the first signs of the disease was in the phase of the beginning of fruit ripening. By the 3rd decade of August, the spread of coccomycosis on highly susceptible cherry varieties was up to 70.0 % with an intensity of 37.0 %. It was revealed that due to warming and the emergence of new frost-resistant varieties, the distribution area of the cherry fly Rhagoletis cerasi L. has expanded. In the growing season of 2022 the first individuals of the phytophagus in the cages were marked on May 19 years and mating at the end of the 3rd decade of May, oviposition was observed from the first decade of June. The maximum number of phytophages is 13 individuals/trap in 3 days, marked on June 6, the first damaged fruits were recorded on June 8. It has been established that two types of psyllas are found in the agrocenoses of pears in the south of Russia: Psylla pyri L. (common pear psylla) and Psylla pyrisuga Frst. (large pear psylla). The most harmful was P. pyri L., the number of phytophages in the last decade exceeds the economic threshold of harmfulness (10 eggs per 10 cm of branch) by 8-12 times. The first ovipositionof the pear psylla was marked on March 30 in the phenophase of the pear resting bud at the sum of the effective temperatures of 40.1 ºC which is 21 days later compared to 2021. Full cycle of development from imago to imago lasts with the accumulation of the sum of effective temperatures of 300 ºC, develops in 6 generations.