Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Manage environmental and food safety
Results of the ecological-toxicological monitoring of grape plantings at intensive technogenic loading which is carried out to the current of several years are presented. The accumulation by the soil of toxic elements and their partial migration established early in plants is confirmed. It leads to decrease in biological activity of the soil and and at the same time to increase in concentration toxic in food (trophic) chains. For improvement of the branch production allowing to improve an ecological condition of grape plantings it is necessary to have the information about the quantitative and qualitative level of pollution of plantings in an ecosystem of vineyards. Therefore the purpose of the real work was scientific justification of ecological-toxicological monitoring, as one of basic elements of the management of biogreening of an ecosystem ampelotseno-call based on ekologo-toxicological normalization and optimization of systems of protection against harmful objects. Definition of the toxic remains was carried out by the standard techniques with use of chromatographs, gas "Colour 500M", liquid "KNAUER" and nuclear absorbing spectrophotometer "Quantum - AFA". It is established that for the period 2010-2014gg at pesticidal load of agrogrounds of grape plantings 124 kg/ga the remains of the chemicals exceeding admissible norms were found in the soil to 10,0 PDK and in grapes to 4,0 MDU. In total it was found pesticides on active ingredient to 24 names, among them 10 connections of the toxic metabolites which are characterized not by smaller danger, than an initial preparation. By results of researches the method of ecological-toxicological monitoring of grapes plantings (patent No. 2380888) is developed and patented. The main estimated indicators of an after-effect of the pesticides applied in branch which are among "background" and "seasonal" pollutants of vineyards are established depending on agrotechnical methods of cultivation of grapes.
Krasnodar Region is one of the main regions of the Russian Federation on production of fruits and berries. Defeat of fruit crops by fungal diseases belongs to the factors limiting the orchards yield capacity and of production standard. The activator of mildew Podosphaera leucotricha (Ell. et Ev.) Salm. is in the group of the dominating pathogens capable to cause essential losses of apple harvest. The spreading and inju-riousness of mildew are defined by the variety's susceptibility degree, weather conditions of plants vegetation, especially during the periods of the greatest susceptibility of an apple-tree to a disease, and also by a complex of the protective measures carried out in the fruit orchards. Due to the increase in frequency of stressful weather situations in the Southern region of Russia the urgent direction of research is definition of protection features of apple-tree orchards against mildew under the changing weather conditions. The changes in the bio-ecological features of powdery mildew pathogen of apple trees in the Krasnodar Region connected with a climate changes are identified by research of 2011-2015. The tendency of increase in the intensity of infection and the tendency of increase in the pathogen populations quantity at less responsive and resistant apple varieties are marked. It is shown that with increasing in number of stressful weather conditions the using of the resistant varieties to powdery mildew is not the main economically significant way to control the disease. It is proved that the creation of the apples protection against powdery mildew should take into account the damage of trees by environment stress-factors. To prevent the explosive epiphytoties it is necessary to carry out the whole complex of the protective measures not only in the highly responsive varieties, but also in all groups of resistance varieties to disease.
Greening of plant's protection system is possible only with transition to the methods alternative to chemical methods. The refusal from insecticides and the use of other methods of decrease in number of population of harmful insects is the most real way of decrease in a pesticides capacity in the intensive gardening. This article shows the results of experiments to determine the efficiency of the method of disorientation with the help of "Shin Etsu" in comparison with the traditional system of apple-tree's protection with insecticides. The experience was carried out in the foothill area of North Ossetia-Alania Republic in the HPC "De-Gusto" with scab immune apple cultivar of liberty. In the process of research it has been estimated that during the harvesting period the efficiency of both variants of experience was 100%: neither in the crown of the trees nor in the fallen fruits the damaged fruits by Codling moth was not detected. A big part of fruits of second grade in the harvest was caused by heavy shedding of fruits in connection with weather heat and yield overload. The average yield in case of use of "Shin Etsu" amounted to 17.3 kg/tree of first grade fruits and 3.2 kg/tree second grade fruits; in the option of insecticides use respectively, 17.7 kg/tree. The obtained results indicate that "Shin Etsu" is an alternative equivalent to insecticides applied against Codling moth, that carrying the main toxic load in the integrated system of plants protection. If in the garden agrocenosis there are not aphids, mites and other species of protogoras and scoop, in this case it is possible to cultivate any varieties without insecticides. When these types of harmful entomofauna are presented one or two specific treatments may be required against them. However, even in this case the environmentally friendly insecticidal protection of fruits orchards significantly increase.
The purpose of this work is scientific confirmation of technogenic influence of pesticides as one of the main environmental problems of industrial wine growing. The analysis of long-term technogenic impact of pesticides on agrogrounds of industrial vineyards is carried out. The ability of pesticides to bio accumulation in the soil and their migration in "soil-plant-grapes" ecosystem is established. It is shown that the pollution monitoring of toxic elements in the "soil production" system is necessary for improvement of an ecological condition of grapes plantings. It is noted that the analysis of the obtained information will allow to develop the agrotechnical manipulations on decrease in technogenic impact of toxic chemicals on an ecosystem of ampelocenoses. The research were carried out in the vine growing zones of the South of Kuban (The Temryuk district) on industrial orchards of specialized farms. Objects of our research is the grapes varieties of table and technical direction. The toxic remains were defined in the soil and in the ripened grapes. The modern method of monitoring of vineyards developed and patented in the toxicological laboratory of NCRRIH&V was used in the research. The residual amounts of pesticides in the soil and grapes were determined by using of well-known techniques. According to the inspection on soil impurity by pesticides during 2006-2014 we have established the ecologically dangerous plots. There are vineyards with excess of maximum allowable concentration of the defined pesticides groups: on one plot are 20 hectares (3, 8%), and on two other plots 180 hectares (34, 3%), and on three plots 95 hectares (18 %). It is defined the coefficients of a translocation (Ktr) of pesticides from the soil in the grapes and the dependence of these coefficients from the level of the soil pollution by the toxic remains: the low extent of pollution up to 0,35; average extent up to 0,45; the high level of impurity up to 0,57. On the basis of the obtained data the method of ecological and toxicological monitoring of grapes orchards was developed and patented.
The impact of toxic chemicals on the vineyards and adjacent areas is enhanced due to inclusion in the new preparations of previously used active substances, characterized as highly toxic substances. Ecological and toxicological danger for the ecosystem of ampelocenoses is represented by preparations of long storage, primarily in the soil of the vineyards these preparation used. Their aggressiveness to microbes and bacterias speeds up the processes of soil degradation, and their partial migration in the ecosystem "soil-plant-grapes" pollutes the products with toxic chemicals. Organ-ic fungicides of the systemic action of the triazole group (falcon, wagon, colossal, spike) are combined by the presence in their composition of the tebuconazole active substance, distinguished by the duration and stabil-ity of preservation in the ecosystem of ampelocenoses. The purpose of this work is to study the interconnec-tion of the technogenic fungicides load containing tebuconnazole, and the ecological-toxicological state of ampelocenoses. The determination of the toxic residues was carried out according to generally accepted methods using chromatographs: gas "Color 500M", liquid "KNAUER" and atomic absorption spectrophotometer "Kvant-AFA". The research was carried out in the main agroecological viticulture zone of Temryuk district of the Krasnodar Territory (Agrofirm "Yuzhnaya") in two vineyard plots with an area of 5 hectares, under the same agrical and technological conditions. Option 1 annual industrial treatment with fungicides containing tebuconazole; Option 2 in the last year of study the fungicides studied were not used: they were changed by system fungicides of another group and this change allow us to determine the contamination of grapes with tebuconazole, migrating from the soil. As a result of the research, it was established, that the persistent and cumulative properties of tebuconazole, accumulated by soil, in 5 times higher than the permissible standards. The contamination of grapes with toxic residues of tebuconazole has been revealed.