Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Manage environmental and food safety
The possibility of determination by the methods of high effective liquid and gas chromatography of fungicides residues in the ampelocenosis ecosystem is shown. Presented methods can determine with high sensitivity the fungicides and their metabolites that more toxic than original drug.
Accumulation of chemicals substances in the ecosystem of grapes plantings is defined by the technological and agric methods applied in the process of cultivation of this culture. Study of influence of new biological and agric methods of soil keeping of vineyards on quality of vine and wine-making products was the purpose of these research. The research were conducted in the witiculture's areas of the South of Kuban (Taman area) in the industrial plantings of specialized farms. Object of research is ecosystem of industrial grapes plantings. The soil samples and samples of the ripened grapes were selected during spring and autumn period on the vineyards treated by pesticides. Definition of toxic remains in the production was carried out by the standard techniques with use of gas chromatograph "Colour 500M", liquid ones "KNAUER" and the nuclear and absorbing spectrophotometer Guantum-AFA. The methods of a capillary electrophoresis "Capel-103" and "Capel-105" are used for biochemical analysis. The results of ecological and toxicological research confirmed the ability to bioaccumulation of soil toxic compounds as well as an increase of toxic compounds concentration in the food (trophic) chains. The soil replenishment by organic material in the form of biofertilizers revitalizes the soil and cleans it from xenobiotics and allows to receive the grapes without toxic inclusions and to improve considerably its quality by biochemical indicators. It is established that at 3-years application of presented biotechnology of grapes plantings keeping the degree of migration of dangerous chemicals from the soil into grapes berries decreases by 60-90%; the toxic remains in the berries don't exceed the established norms; biochemical indicators in some positions are improved in 2-4 times in comparison with control option. As a result of our research the biological and agritechnical methods are scientifically founded. These methods ensure the food safety and high quality of viticultures productions in accordance with biochemical and sanitary and hygienic indicators.
For the last decades the use of various means of preservation are sharply increased in the food industry, including antibiotics. Use of means of preservation is need for prolongation of expiration dates of production by way of protection against microbic damage, however there are real the facts of antibiotics detection in the samples of wine-making production. The purpose of research was the theoretical justification and development of a technique of definition of microbial origin preservatives in the wines. The samples of wine-making production, and also a food samplement - Natamaks were the objects of research. It is noted that preservatives of mikrobial origin - Natamitsin and Nizin merit the attention as there are the scientific disputes about their use in the industrial wine-making. Their application is connected with lack of influence on an organoleptik of the product which is exposed to processing. It is shown that consequences of interaction of antibiotics with component content of wine-making production, and also the norms of their use under the various conditions aren't studied yet. Therefore the questions of possibility of application of a Natamitsin and Nizin in the wine-making and development of an available technique of detection of their residual quantities in the finished production are actual. Monitoring of the wine-making market of Russia according to the maintenance of antibiotics wasn't carried out. In the article the opportunities and new methodical approaches for the analysis of preservatives of a mikrobian origin in the wine-making production by means of a capillary electrophoresis are considered. The methodical solutions on definition of Natamitsin antibiotic in the wine-making production are proposed. It is specified that the use of a highly effective capillary electrophoresis as an analytical method for definition of preservatives of a mikrobian origin will promote the carrying out of monitoring of the Russia wine-making market as regard the maintenance of antibiotics and safety of wine-making production.
Taking into account that the fruits of the wild crops are eaten by wild animals and birds, and also used by man for food and technical needs, their studying under the conditions of technogenic landscapes is an actual task. Quality of fruits, their nutrition and medical value are caused by places of their growth. The purpose of research is a study of biological features of growth and development of wild fruits crops under the agroclimatic conditions of a technogenic landscape of Kabardino-Balkaria. It is established that for each zone the structure of wild-growing fruit plants is characterized, and with increase of altitude above sea the level of their productivity considerably decreases. The best indicators of growth at the majority of wild-growing fruit plants are noted in a foothill zone, at the altitude of 500-550 meters above sea level. As a result of inspection and definition of processes of natural overgrowing 14 types of the wild-growing fruit crops cultivated on the technogenic lands of KBR are revealed. The best indicators are noted at a sea-buckthorn, a dogrose and a sloe. These species of plants well tolerate to a lack of moisture, they are frost-resistant and not exacting to soil fertility. They have the highest total score of suitability for biological recultivation of technogenic landscapes. It is shown that in the process of root development of the quality of soil has a big importance. On the light soil the ability of plants to form the roots is better, than on the heavy soil. Wild-growing fruit plants prefer the slopes of northern and east expositions. In comparison with the western and southern expositions these distinctions reach 293,5 %. It is concluded that at the process of creation of protective plantings on the technogenic lands it is necessary to approach individually not only to species of plants, but also to each concrete plots of a technogenic landscape.
The grapes plant actively reacts to change of environment that has impact on composition of grapes mash and wine. Therefore the questions of improvement of quality and safety of the produced wines is in the center of attention of specialists of wine-making branch of Russia. The number of components, which are controlled at international food trade, has included eight chemical elements as a mercury, cadmium, lead, arsenic, copper, zinc, iron, strontium. Heavy metals are capable to assimilate in plant and animal tissues, the increase in their contents causes the toxic effect and poses the threat for health. Environmentally friendly technologies are directed on removal from wine materials and wines of metals excess for their stabilization to muddy. Use of food fibers (beet, rice, pectinaceous) is the one of the major tendencies. In this regard the work purpose is an assessment of expediency of use of beet fiber for removal of toxic connections. The object of research is the wine material containing the toxic compounds, and also the clarified and not clarified beet food fiber. The analysis of the obtained data showed that the beet fiber considerably reduces the concentration of lead and cadmium. In the studied samples the content of copper decreased slightly. Concentration of mercury and arsenic remained invariable. The conclusion follows that the use of the clarified and not clarified beet fiber promotes the decrease in concentration of such toxic connections, as lead, cadmium and copper. Thus, a beet food fiber can be recommended for use in wine-making to produce of safe production.