Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Manage environmental and food safety
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is among the priority contaminants of grape wines. OTA has an expressed toxic (mainly with damage to the urinary system) action, associated, as a rule, with the long-term supply of toxin with food. International Agency for the Study of Cancer, OTA is classified as a substance possibly carcinogenic to human being (group 2B). The average content of OTA in wine, calculated by JECFA experts as a result of analysis of data from studies conducted in the world, was 0.32 g / kg. At the same time, a higher level of toxin (0.4 g / kg) was found in red wine than that in white wine (0.1 g / kg). Currently, Russia does not have hygienic regulations on the content of OTA in grape wines. In EU countries, the maximum OTA content in wines should not exceed 2 g / kg. The aim of this work was to study the content of OTA in grape wines, presented on the territory of Russia. The presence of ochratoxin A (OTA) Mycotoxin in 26 samples of dry, semi-sweet and dessert grape wines of domestic and foreign production, bought in a retail trade in Russia has been studied. Using the high effective liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric detection, OTA has been found in 8 (31 %) from 26 wine samples studied in an amount from 0.14 to 0.64 μg / l (average content is 0.25 μg / l; median 0.21 g / l). The predominant contamination of OTA in the red wines, as well as in the semi-sweet and dessert wines is shown. The results of the study indicate the presence of ochratoxin A in the grape wines presented on the territory of Russia, that requires to exercise the appropriate control by manufacturers and supervisory authorities.
The development of fruit growing and viticulture under modern conditions is aimed at a comprehensive solution of the main task the obtaining the highest possible yield of high quality fruits from a unit of area while reducing their cost. The use of physiologically active substances in fruit-growing and viticulture, namely the proper and balanced mineral nutrition, can contribute to the successful solution of this problem. Mineral nutrition plays an important role in the growth and development of agricultural plants. It is known that the bulk of fertilizers have a selectivity of their action on various species, varieties, various tissues and organs of the plant organism. As a result of their action, significant changes occur in biomass, winter hardiness and productivity of fruit crops and grapes. The purpose of this study was to study the effect of foliar nutrition with TM Glycerol preparations the yield and quality of grapes and apple-tree. The methods and techniques generally accepted in viticulture and horticulture were applied in this research. It was evaluated the mineral nutrition system on the basis of TM Glycerol as a foliar top dressing for fruit crops and grapes (optimal rates and terms of fertilizer application) and the influence of this system the productivity and quality of Moldova table grape variety for example and Spartan apple variety for example. Study carried out have shown that the use of foliar fertilizers TM "Glycerol" contributed to the reduction of the productive period of studied grapes and apple-tree for 4-5 days, due to the acceleration of the ripening process, as well as an increase in fruitage: for Moldova grapes by 20,1 %, for Spartan apple 25 %.
The creation of resistant varieties to coccomycosis (one of the most harmful diseases of cherry and sweet cherry) corresponds to the strategic directions for the development of Krasnodar Territory No. 1: a cardinal improvement in the quality and longevity of the population. In this regard, an important role is played by providing the population with the high-quality environmentally friendly products. The creation of resistant varieties Will allow you to avoid or reduce the number of chemical sprayings, to reduce the fruit production costs, and the most importantly, to help in solving the problem of obtaining environmentally safe products. As a result of many years work on the creation of genotypes resistant to coccomycosis, the forms of 3-33-34 and Yuzhanka were selected to the elite, which, due to a number of economically valuable and adaptively significant traits, differ markedly from standard varieties. So, under the conditions of the Goryachy Klyuch district, where as a result of long-term monitoring, it is noted in the population the most virulent clones overcoming the resistance of the A gene, the full yield was obtained only from the elites of Yuzhanka and 3-33-34 on the rootstocks of the NCFSCHVW breeding to 16 t / ha. They are differed on the lowest indicators: the average number of coccomycosis pustules per 1 cm2 of leaf (0.08 1.1 to 5.25 1.3), resistance index (0-1357), generative activity of the fungis (0-2629). Timiryazevskaya cherry are also selected to the elite, with the late development of coccomycosis. Its distinctive features the original taste of the fruits, high yield, up to 100 kg per tree. These elite forms also showed the complex resistance to drought, high summer temperatures and a number of diseases, which proved their suitability for resource-saving technologies of gardening.
The actuality of problem of organic production in the Crimea has been studied based on the results of sociological interrogation conducted using questionnaire method and the current situation with wine consumption in Russia was analyzed, based on available analytical data. The questionnaire comprised the questions on ecological awareness of the population and organic products consumption. It is established that the majority of respondents demonstrated awareness on organic agriculture (69 %) and on the negative impact of pesticides on human health (87 %), which attests to high ecological awareness of the Crimea population, as a whole. Note was made on the high readiness of the Crimeans to buy organic agricultural production grown without pesticides and other agrochemicals, even if it is higher in price. The most acceptable for the Crimeans price adjustment for organic production was established at the rate of 20 %, as compared to non-organic products. A high level of mistrust was revealed for such markings as eco, organic, bio, etc. on the labels, as well as negative correlation between the trust level to labels and ecological awareness of the population as related to the negative impact of pesticides on health (r = 0,19). As a result of questionnaire analysis it is established low level of grape wine consumption among the medium-income population of Crimea (the majority of respondents buy wine once a month at most, if at all), and a high frequency of fresh fruit purchase (81 % of respondents buy fruit once per week or more often). The need to produce the own organic food products in Crimea to increase its touristic attractiveness was noted. The basic products that are the trademark of Crimea, according to the respondents, are grapes, wine and figs.
Organic fungicides of systemic action are applied in the vineyards more than two decades to fight against fungal diseases, which led to the soil contamination of cultivated plantings. In the process of studying their degradation, the toxic compounds were found, which persist for a long time in the soil of agricultural land, and reduce the soil suppression indicators. The organic fungicides of the systemic action of the triazole group (falcon, universal, kolosal, kolosal pro) are unificated by the presence in their composition of the tebuconazole active substance, distinguished by the duration and stability in the soil of the cultivated grape plantings. This fact dictates the need to increase in the suppression of the soil, affecting the detoxification of toxic inclusions. The study of the influence of soil suppression enriched with biologi cal fertilizer from wine-making waste the tebuconazole detoxification is the goal of this work. Tebuconazole residues in the soil were determined according to generally accepted methods using a Color 500M gas chromatograph. It has been established that the treatments of vineyards against fungal diseases with fungicides of the systemic action of the triazole group lead to soil contamination with tebuconazole. Long-term use in the vineyards of fungicides containing a tebuconazole, showed that by the period of the next treatment its concentration in the soil exceeds the permissible rate (up to 7.90 MAC). It was revealed that 2-fold introduction of biomaterial from wine-making waste into the soil of vineyards increases the properties of soil suppressiveness, activating the process of detoxifying tebuconazole from 7.9 to 3.3 MPC. The partial detoxication of tebuconazole has been established by the enrichment of the soil with natural compounds in the form of wastes from the grape industry. The need to use this kind of organic fertilizer as a detoxifying agents require further development of the modification of its functional composition and physical-biochemical properties.