Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The attention is focused on the aspects of increasing in the level of food self-sufficiency and the resulting by it the import substitution, the need for resource-technological development of viticulture and nursery in the Russian Federation is substantiated. A retrospective analysis is carried out, an assessment of the current state of the Russian wine and wine industry is made and the main trends in its development are identified. In order to develop nursery farming for the production of planting material in the proper volume and assortment, the need for the formation and systematic implementation of varietys and technological policies is substantiated, and due to the fact that macroeconomic processes distort the structure of production and accumulation the need for various and stable forms of State regulation and support. In order to achieve the goals of increasing in the production of certified grape seedlings in an amount that covers the needs for planting and renovation of plantations, the creation of breeding and nursery centers has been actualized to ensure the breeding process and the propagation of promising grape varieties in volumes that reduce an import dependence. The factors affecting the technological development of the vine and wine industry are identified. The role of science in the development of the vine and wine industry is determined. Based on many years analysis of the sectoral economics, climatic, agrocenotic changes and urgent scientific and practical problems, a number of scientific tasks are formulated, the solution of which is aimed at increasing in the efficiency and competitiveness of industrial production. The areas for the development of a sectoral economics, import substitution and concentration of scientific and technical potential and financial and material resources for achieving the target indicators in the development of the vine and wine industry are proposed, the implementation of which for the medium term is correlated with the fundamental positions of the Federal Law On Viticulture and Winemaking in the Russian Federation adopted this year.
A specific conceptual framework has been developed that reflects the functional load of a concepts number, such as edaphic, biocenotic, agrocenotic stability, management of ecological and economic stability of reproductive processes; a cognitive map of environmental and economic stability management, and tools for managing the functional stability of grape agrocenoses. The necessity of managing the ecological and economic sustainability of grape agrocenoses, the organization of which has a pronounced specificity, is grounded. The parametric model of ecological and economic stability of grape agrocenoses is developed. A comparable assessment of the actual values of indicators characterized the ecological and economic stability of the agroecosystem elements with the normative values is given. Functional imbalances and imbalances in the organization of grape agrocenoses are revealed, due to both the negative manifestation of a decrease in edaphic, agrocenotic and biocenotic stability, and the negative influence of macroeconomic factors reduced both the economic efficiency of production of industrial products and reproductive opportunities. The criterions for managing the ecological and economic stability of grape agrocenoses are developed: equilibrium, adaptability, stability. A cognitive map of the management of ecological and economic sustainability of grape agrocenoses is proposed, which allows us to determine the functional relationships between the structural components of agrocenoses and to assess the consequences of the influence of various factors (internal and external) the stability and efficiency of reproduction processes in the industrial viticulture. The optimal parameters of edaphic, biocenotic and agrocenotic stability are calculated based on the identified ecological and economic dependencies. The tools for managing the functional stability of grape agrocenoses are considered. Evaluated the effectiveness of the proposed cognitive models of management of ecological and economic stability that will allow you to adjust financial costs within the standard range; to achieve the optimal level of implementation of production potential; to reduce the level of chemical technogenic effect the components of agro-ecosystems; to ensure the necessary quality and food safety of the products obtained; to achieve a high technological and economic outcoming.
In the article is actualized the need of creation an electronic database of the grape gene pool, focused on the characteristics of its ecological potential. A step-by-step development of an electronic database architecture for assessing the ecological potential of grape varieties and documentation of the grape gene pool, including the program interface; a dictionary of data to be stored in the database; data types for each element are presented. The requirements imposed by variety specialists, breeders, agronomists and technologists-winemakers to the electronic database are analyzed, analysis of the main characteristics of grape varieties that should be included in the database are conducted, taking into account the reaction of plants to the specificity of environmental conditions and resistance to abiotic factors, as a result of which 81 parameters, grouped by functional groups, are selected as the characteristics that most fully describe the economically valuable characteristics of grape varieties. The logical structure is constructed and the physical design of the database is carried out. To implement the task of selecting varieties according to the specified criteria, three algorithms are implemented, depending on the type and user requirements for the selected varieties. Due to the increased stressfulness of the environment and the need of focusing on the ecological characteristics of varieties, based on the analysis of empirical data, physiological and biochemical indicators that most fully characterize the resistance of grape varieties to abiotic stresses have been established. Algorithms for assessing genotypes with a focus on weather and climate specifics have been developed. In order to rank the variety forms according to the degree of resistance to dehydration and extreme low and high temperatures, a scale of test varieties (standards) from low to high resistant has been developed. The developed algorithm and related elements allowed to create a conceptual model of the decision-making system for the differentiated assessment of the stress resistance of grape samples and their use in different climatic zones. in different climatic zones.
The characteristic of the processes of intensification in industrial fruit growing is given, their goals are defined. The main technological shifts of the technological structure formed in the domestic fruit growing are presented. Based on the analysis of the development of technological structures, the predicted technological shifts in the near future, the characteristic features of promising technologies in fruit growing, their criteria and signs are presented. Systemically presented factors-signs of intensification of fruit growing. The article reflects the retrospective of the intensification of industrial fruit growing on the basis of breeding and introduction of low-growing rootstocks and differentiated technologies formed with their participation. The main directions of intensification that increase the biopotential of agrocenosis are graphically presented. The analysis of the negative influence of chemical and technogenic factors on agroecocenoses, leading to bioresource deformations in the biocenosis, soil and soil microbiota, microbio -, acaro - and entomosystems, is carried out. The necessity of restoring and developing the reproductive capabilities of agroecosystems, mainly by biological methods, is proved, which include: the development of populations of rhizosphere microorganisms in the soil biota, the expansion of the range of applied biological products created on the basis of effective strains of beneficial microorganisms, the widespread use of various forms and methods to increase plant immunity, including elicitor-type preparations.
The necessity of developing a mechanism for managing the sustainability of agroecosystems with the participation of grape agrocenoses is substantiated. Negative manifestations of chemical-technogenic intensification factors leading to bioresource deformation in ampelocenoses (violation of the rationality of nature management and sustainability of agroecosystems) and a decrease in the efficiency of production were revealed: increased resistance of pathogens to the chemical preparations used, which causes an increase in the frequency of treatments, an increase in the costs of purchased plant protection products, a decrease in yield; an increase in the anthropogenic load leads to an increase in the volume of mechanized work, a decrease in soil biogenicity; a decrease in the immune status of plants causes a decrease in the potential productivity of plantings. A mechanism for managing the ecological and economic sustainability of agroecosystems is proposed, which is based on a set of formalized principles and requirements reflecting the specifics of organized reproduction processes, and digital technologies based on long-term empirical databases and modern methods of biologization. The technological and economic efficiency of methods and methods of biologization of production and technological processes in industrial viticulture based on the use of living organisms, their systems, products of their vital activity in solving technological problems is calculated, allowing not only to restore the bioresource potential of agrocenosis achieved by chemical and technogenic methods of intensification, but also to form higher reproductive capabilities of agroecocenosis, having a significant reserve of plasticity potential, providing system-wide stability.