Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Sundyreva Maria
Articles in journal: (total 21)
In the conditions of Anapo-Taman area of Krasnodar region the vine varieties of different species and ecological-geographical origin sources of drought-and heat resistance are allocated. The part of impact of origin vine varieties on drought resistance and yield capacity of vine are ectablished.
The description of new grapes varieties of the NCRRIH&V breeding with high resistance to diseases and frost for qualitative red wine making is presented in the article.
For keeping of quality and increase of adaptability of classical technical grapes varieties under the conditions of high repeatability of low-temperature stresses in the Southern Federal District the method of clonal selection is effective. This method allows to improve the adaptive potential of the introduced varieties for winemaking of high quality. Research objective is selection of the allocated clones of Saperavy grapes with hereditarily fixed traits of high productivity, the quality of wine production, the resistance to frosts, diseases and wreckers. The research were conducted using the agric and biological techniques which are recognized in the world practice and widely used in the grapes breeding. Four protoclones FS 118-4, FS 104-48, FS 8-26, FS 90-5 were allocated on the average weight of bunches and a crop from a bush. Noted protoclones surpassed an average index of productivity on 12-14 %. When air temperature falls in 2012 to -20C the greatest resistance to frosts showed FS 79-12, FS 104-48, FS 83-49, FS 96-39, FS 85-46, FS 104-3 protoclones (by quantity of the blossoming buds). The FS 58-46 protoclone showed the complex resistance to harmful organisms. On a complex of agribiological and adaptive indicators the protoclones of Saperavy grapes 8-26, 83-49, 90-5, 104-3, 146-17, 104-48, 118-4 are perspective for reproduction and wide practical application in the industrial production.
In the Anapa-Taman conditions (the summer period of 2014-2016) it is considered the questions of adaptation of various ecological and geographical origin grapes to abiotic and biotic stresses, and also the problem of formation mecha-nisms of their productivity. As a result of the carried out research the comparative data are obtained that characterizing a physiological condition of grapes plants when strengthening action of stressful factors. In the work the modern physiological and biochemical methods of research with the highly effective analytical equipment, and also methods of light microscopy have been used. The results of the carried out research have shown that the studied grapes varieties of various ecological and geographical origin under the influence of stressful factors made active the different systems and it is confirmed by change of key physiological and biochemical and anatomical and morphological indicators of plants. The various mechanisms of adaptation of the studied grapes varieties during vegetation to a drought and a high-temperature stress caused by their different ecological and geographical origin are revealed. The varieties with economical valuable properties perspective for use in the breeding and cultivation in the production orchards in the South of the Russian Federation are selected. In the process of studying of stability of grapes varieties to biotic stresses of the vegetation period it is established that at bigger content in the plants leaves of chlorogenic acid, that is metabolic precursor of a lignin and create of the adverse conditions for develop-ment of phytopathogens, the Crystal grapes are defected by mildew less, than plants of Krasnostop of AZOS and Dostoyny (Kcorrel. = 0,92). The high inverse correlation is revealed between intensity of development, percent of defeat of grapes plants by mildew and the content of chlorogenic acid in the leaves of grapes plants of the studied varieties (Kcorrel. = - 1).
The heritability of drought and heat resistance in combinations of various ecological and geographical groups of grapes was studied by phenotypic indicators. Varietiy combinations, which have inherited of drought and heat resistance from maternal line and combinations in which these traits have inherited primarily from paternal line, are presented