Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

A comparative study of adaptation processes to water stress of grape varieties of different origin was conducted. The basic protective function in the conditions of moisture deficiency of grape varieties performs the mechanism associated with the accumulation of the proline amino acid in the cells

Annotation

The article presents the results of assessing the physiological state of new self-rooted hybrid forms of table grape Akello, Artek, Valencia and Courage growing in the Krasnodar Territory in the summer period. The cultivar Livia of Russian selection was selected as a control. Artificial drought was simulated in a laboratory conditionS. After stress effect, the following physiological parameters of grape leaves were analyzed � the degree of damage to cell membranes (based on the content of malondialdehyde, one of the products of lipid peroxidation of cell membranes), the relative water content, the quantum yield of the photochemical reaction of photosystem II, the content of chlorophyll a and the ratio of a/b chlorophylls. It was found that the most depressed month for the studied grape plants was July. This is evidenced by the averaged indicators of studied grape plants according to the analyzed parameters � low values of photosynthesis and relative water content in the leaves and increased level of malondialdehyde, which determines the intensity of the development of oxidative processes by the influence of negative factors. The greatest adaptive potential in this month was revealed in the Artek hybrid form, which had high value of photosynthesis and a low level of malondialdehyde content. In August, the hybrid forms of Artek and Courage were characterized by high values of the relative water content in the leaves and low value of malondialdehyde, and besides the level of chlorophyll a fluorescence (quantum yield) did not change compared to July. The hybrid Valencia form had the highest value of malondialdehyde and the lowest value of relative water content during the summer period, which makes it the least resistant form among the studied. The hybrid form of Artek was identified as the most resistant form to influence of summer stress factors in the territory of Krasnodar region. Further, this form can be recommend for the creation of stable ampelocenoses.

Annotation

Cultivation of popular classical wine grapes cultivars clones adapted to local growing conditions makes the possibility to obtain the traditionally high quality harvest at a lower cost of production. Approximately 60 % of the vineyards of the Krasnodar Territory are located in the Temryuk area, thus, the conducting of the mass clonal breeding on grapes cultivars in this agricultural region is of particular importance. The highly productive protoclones of cultivar Caberne Sauvignon were allocated in the industrial vineyards using the clonal breeding and DNA-analysis. In this paper we present the results of study of CHK1-10 clone. In average it significantly superior to the original variety control bushes at 73 % by yield, at 15 % on buds safety after overwintering, as well as other traits. The evaluation of vegetative progeny of clones on the clon-test sector also shows the good results. The bushes are aligned by vigor, they characterized by weak fungal diseases, the high yield capacity combined with good wine quality. Currently, along with the ampelographic and biochemical study, DNA analysis became the basis for a reliable identification and for study of grapes genetic polymorphism. Comparative microsatellite analysis of DNA of protoklon plants and typical vines of Cabernet Sauvignon reveals the difference in the sample 1-10. It is planned to transfer of this clone to State variety testing. The combined use of traditional breeding approaches and molecular analysis methods allows to expect the greater efficiency in the identification of grapes clones.

Annotation

Climate change on the planet is characterized by increased aridity in the regions where grapes are traditionally cultivated, the grapes is one of the most important crop in the world. Grapes vegetation takes a place at high temperatures, soil and atmospheric drought. Under such conditions, the plants are affected by a combination of abiotic and biotic stresses, causing the defensive reactions that are unique to each combination of stress factors. The aim of the research is to study the changes in the activity of antioxidant enzymes of various grape varieties under the influence of osmotic and high-temperature stresses. The objects of study were the leaves of different grape varieties, under the influence of simulated drought and high temperature. To simulate a drought, the leaves were dried for 2 hours at room temperature. To simulate the high-temperature stress, the grape leaves in the glasses with distilled water were kept n a thermostat for 2 hours at a temperature of +50 º�. Different enzyme isoforms have different activity when the environmental conditions change, so the formation of several isoenzymes with differtnt molecular weights may show the adaptive response of plants to stress. It is found that for the most of the studied grape varieties, short-term exposure to stress led to decrease in the number of peroxidase isoforms, and decrease in the activity of superoxide dismutase and a phenolic oxidizing peroxidase. The activity of ascorbate peroxidase changed less than the activity of the other two enzymes. The content of MDA, which indirectly characterizes the development of secondary oxidative stress, was markedly increased in all studied grape varieties. This reaction may be associated with the activation of signaling cascades in the grape plants, which requires an increase in the level of secondary oxidative stress, for the further formation of protective reaction. Our study have shown that different grape varieties are sensitive to different types of stress. These research will continue to study the reactions of grape plants at a longer exposure time of studied stress factors.

Annotation

Plant defense reaction are produced in response to the perception of the stress factor and one of the earliest responses is the generation of reactive oxygen forms by the plant. This forms cause the for-mation of a secondary stress state in the plants, which activates and intensifies a cascade of signaling events. This leads to the manifestation in the plants of a series of biochemical changes that form a protective answer. Strengthening a number of protective anti-stress reactions is possible through the use of stimulating substances � elicitors, which include the components of the plants themselves, as well as chemicals of pathogens, such as chitosan and exogenous phytohormones. The purpose of this research is to study the peculiarities of the change in the antioxidant response in two grape varieties, contrasting in resistance to mildew, in the process of treatments with inductors of immunity of different directions of action. For the experiment, in vitro plants of contrasting mildew-resistant grape varieties of Muscat Bely (susceptibility 4 points) and Vostopg (susceptibility 1 point) were selected. The non-bearing plants of the first year planting are used. The effect of immunity inducers the development of oxidative stress and antioxidant reactions in grape plants with different resistance to mildew has been studied. It was shown that the reactions of the Muscat Bely varie-ty unstable to the mildew were manifested in some of the used treatments, while the resistant Vostorg variety showed similar reactions to all types of immunity stimulation. This may indicate a great abil-ity to perceive various types of signals and quickly coordinate them to react, which does not lead to oxidative damage of plants.