Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The impact of cold stress is of great importance for scientific research in viticulture due to the relatively low cold resistance of grapes under the conditions of the viticulture zone of Russia, which leads to a significant decrease in yield. A better understanding of the physiological processes that influence the resistance of grapes to low temperatures is necessary for developing strategies to mitigate stress.The aim of this research was to study the changes in the antioxidant enzymes activity in grapes of different varietes with different cold- tolerance under the influence of the cold stress. Grape�s shoots and buds of resistant and non-resistant varieties were chosen as research material. As the result of this work the different reactions of grape buds and shoots tissues to the low temperature�s influence were observed. The resistant varieties were characterised by higher malonic dialdehyde content in vine tissues and buds than non-resistant varieties. For cold-resistant varieties the presence of high level oxidative processes are important for the activation of protective reactions. Influence of the cold stress resulted in elevation of antioxidant enzymes activity in the studied grape varieties. In the shoot`s tissues of resistant varieties the activity of these enzymes was higher than that of non-resistant varieties. Interestingly, that the relationships between cold-resistivity and antioxidant enzymes activity weren�t observed in studied buds, except for the peroxidase. n the studied varieties, there was no change in the number of peroxidase isoforms under conditions of low temperature stress, while its total activity significantly changed, which may be due to an increase in the expression of this enzyme. The activity of this enzyme changed drastically compared to the control. We suggest that the activity elevation of this enzyme is one of the defining protective reactions to the cold stress in grapes.

Annotation

Analysis of existing grapes assortment in the Krasnodar region and its structure and tendencies of change is presented. The problem of improvement of grapes assortment in unstable environment conditions is presented. Varieties of local breeding for assortment improvement are offered

Annotation

The wintering period and exit from dormancy are of great importance for the subsequent vital activity of grape plants. Induced dormancy is characterized by a number of specific physiological and biochemical changes. The aim of this study was to characterize the photosynthetic parameters, the carbohydrate composition of chlorophyll-containing vine tissue in the period of exit from dormancy. Studies were conducted on grape hybrids of TANA 33 (intraspecific hybrid V. vinifera), TANA 42 (interspecific hybrid V. vinifera and V. amurensis), TANA 68 (interspecific hybrid of V. vinifera and American varieties). TANA 42 and TANA 68 are non-freeze-sensitive hybrids, and TANA 33 is freeze-sensitive hybrid. The studies were carried out in February and March. Content of carbohydrates, photosynthetic pigments, the photochemical activity and the content of MDA in the vines were obtained. Physiological differences between grape hybrids with different freeze resistance during the induced dormancy were revealed. The lowering of the air temperature to moderate negative values have had a weak influence the manifestation of oxidative stress in non-freeze-sensitive hybrids, and a steady increase in the content of MDA was observed in freeze- sensitive TANA 33. The content of photosynthetic pigments in the vines cannot serve as an indicator of freeze- tolerance but this parameter was closely associated with the temperature changes. The effective quantum yield of PS Ⅱ in February was significantly lower for the freeze-sensitive TANA 33, however, the differences between the varieties disappeared after the onset of sap flow. The quantum yield of PS Ⅱ was depended on the temperature changes. The adaptation of non-tolerant grapes probably accompanied with the transformation of starch into soluble carbohydrates, which was not typical for frost-resistant varieties.

Annotation

Micropropagation is a promising direction for obtaining a healthy, genetically homogeneous grape planting material. The efficiency of reproduction is determined by many factors, including the acclimatization of plants to natural environmental conditions. The difficulty of transferring in vitro plants to non-sterile conditions is associated with a number of physiological and anatomical features of in vitro plants, among which the low level of photosynthetic processes is of particular importance. The influence of various concentrations of sucrose in the culture medium and additives, simulating environmental stresses on the rates of photosynthesis of grapes during acclimatization, was studied. The content of sucrose 10g/l in the culture medium was the most optimal for the formation of the photosynthetic apparatus. Both low and high sucrose content in the culture medium negatively affected the formation of pigments and the efficiency of photosynthetic processes. The introduction of PEG and NaCl into the nutrient medium led to a decrease in the total content of pigments, the quantum yield of photochemical reactions, but increased the expression of RUBISCO activase. The use of ABA as part of the culture medium had a positive effect on the formation of pigments in grape plants during acclimatization. The effects of weak stresses on the photosynthetic parameters of grapes in in vitro culture and during the acclimatization period are identical to the effects of drought and salinity under natural conditions. At the same time, these types of influence have a positive effect on adaptive �anti-stress� reactions that prevent plant damage under ex vitro conditions, which ultimately increases the level of growth processes and the yield of seedlings during micropropagation of grapes.

Annotation

Most of the widespread grape varieties belonging to the European species Vitis vinifera L. are not highly resistant to environmental stress factors. On the contrary, American species are characterized by immunity to many pathogenic organisms, and are also able to grow under the influence of various abiotic stresses. Thus, the use of scion-rootstock combinations, where resistant varieties of American grape species act as a rootstock, makes it possible to increase the production and adaptation potential of a more susceptible scion. This work presents the results of a three-year study of the influence of scion-rootstock combinations of grapes on the resistance of grape plants to abiotic stress factors in the summer period in the conditions of the North-Western Ciscaucasia. Two varieties � Kishmish vengerskiy and Kishmish luchistyi � were studied on rootstocks Ferkal and Paulsen, as well as own-rooted plants. To assess the adaptive potential of grapes, the physiological and biochemical parameters of the leaves were analyzed, namely, the water regime, chlorophyll content and the level of electrolyte leakage. The weather conditions were obtained from a stationary weather station in the grape growing zone. The results showed that the scion-rootstock combinations Kishmish vengerskiy - Paulsen and Kishmish luchistyi - Paulsen are characterized by the highest values of the water and chlorophyll content in the leaves. The weather conditions of the summer period during three years were characterized by the presence of extremely high air temperatures and insufficient amount of moisture compared to long-term averages. To such conditions, the grafted forms of varieties Kishmish luchistyy and Kishmish vengerskiy proved to be the most adapted than own-rooted control plants. The obtained data allow to conclude that it is expedient to use the Paulsen rootstock for Kishmish luchistyy and Kishmish vengerskiy varieties in the conditions of the North-Western Ciscaucasia in order to increase the adaptive potential of these varieties to the stress factors of the summer period.