Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The article presents the results of research aimed at creating competitive, highly productive vineyards with stable fruiting and high quality grape-wine products. An approach based on the creation of software based on established relationships and interdependencies in the "soil-plant-climate" system is proposed. The purpose of the research was to develop a decision-making algorithm for the selection of optimal grape varieties for specific edaphoclimatic conditions and a PC for its implementation. The objects of research are grape varieties of various ecological and geographical origin. The source of information about grape varieties was: the All-Russian ampelographic collection (city of Anapa), the collection of ARNRIV&W �Magarach� (Republic of Crimea), the collection of ARRIV&W named after Ya.I. Potapenko (Rostov region), Dagestan collection (city of Derbent). Modern methods of modeling and information technology were used as a methodological basis for research. Competent selection of variety when laying a vineyard is one of the main factors in the formation of competitive plantations. It is necessary to take into account requirements of variety for the temperature regime of the cultivation zone (the sum of active temperatures, minimum temperatures and the frequency of their repetition) when selecting a variety, in the case of grafted planting material, the affinity of the graft-rootstock combination and the characteristics of the rootstock. On the basis of the conducted research, an algorithm for selecting varieties and rootstocks for specific edaphoclimatic characteristics of the area of cultivation of grape plantations has been developed, which will ensure the highly efficient use of the genetic properties of varieties and the edaphoclimatic potential of the cultivation zone. The next stage of research was the direct programming of modules for calculating the selection of varieties according to specified criteria, which will allow creating software (PC) for the decision-making process for choosing the optimal grape varieties for specific edaphoclimatic conditions.

Annotation

In the Anapa-Taman conditions (the summer period of 2014-2016) it is considered the questions of adaptation of various ecological and geographical origin grapes to abiotic and biotic stresses, and also the problem of formation mecha-nisms of their productivity. As a result of the carried out research the comparative data are obtained that characterizing a physiological condition of grapes plants when strengthening action of stressful factors. In the work the modern physiological and biochemical methods of research with the highly effective analytical equipment, and also methods of light microscopy have been used. The results of the carried out research have shown that the studied grapes varieties of various ecological and geographical origin under the influence of stressful factors made active the different systems and it is confirmed by change of key physiological and biochemical and anatomical and morphological indicators of plants. The various mechanisms of adaptation of the studied grapes varieties during vegetation to a drought and a high-temperature stress caused by their different ecological and geographical origin are revealed. The varieties with economical valuable properties perspective for use in the breeding and cultivation in the production orchards in the South of the Russian Federation are selected. In the process of studying of stability of grapes varieties to biotic stresses of the vegetation period it is established that at bigger content in the plants leaves of chlorogenic acid, that is metabolic precursor of a lignin and create of the adverse conditions for develop-ment of phytopathogens, the Crystal grapes are defected by mildew less, than plants of Krasnostop of AZOS and Dostoyny (Kcorrel. = 0,92). The high inverse correlation is revealed between intensity of development, percent of defeat of grapes plants by mildew and the content of chlorogenic acid in the leaves of grapes plants of the studied varieties (Kcorrel. = - 1).

Annotation

Composition and properties of pectin's depend on the mode of sedimentation. For optimization of technology of pectin electric sedimentation we studied the kinetics of electric coagulation of pectin macromolecules in the pulsed rotating electric field. A definition of the threshold of electric coagulation depending on the parameters of the electric field and other technological regimes. The following parameters were measured: the voltage on electrodes, the current density and pulse frequency of rotating electric field. It is established that the intensity of sedimentation process increases linearly when the current density increases. The threshold of electric coagulation depending on the pectin concentration in the solution is defined. The process of coagulation occurs the most intensively in the pectin extracts with above 1,5% concentration, this process occurs the least intensively if the concentration is 1.0%. The results of research showed that if the temperature of the initial model solution is higher, the velocity of coagulation is higher too. It is shown that the optimal temperature of solution is 23�. It is established that the beginning of pectin coagulation in the solutions with its low concentration requires of creation of a higher field voltage and on the contrary. The kinetics of the process of electric flocculation is carried out. The results of study showed that the duration of the process of electric coagulation-flocculation of pectin substances is 60 minutes. It is established that pectin going out increases and reaches its maximum at the frequency of the pulses of rotating electric field of 25 kHz, then it begins to decrease. The use of the established regularities and technological modes permitted to receive the pectin with high ability to form the complexes. On the results of research the improved technology for the pectin production using on the phase of sedimentation the method of coagulation in the pulsed rotating electric field is developed.

Annotation

In connection with climate change, it is necessary to improve the assortment of grapes adapted to the conditions of the south of Russia. The purpose of the work is to identify physiological and biochemical indicators associated with the formation of protective reactions of various grape varieties to the effect of summer stressors; to identify adaptive varieties for cultivation in the Anapo-Taman zone of the Krasnodar region on the basis of them. Adaptive resistance of grapes to high temperatures was achieved by increasing the content of bound water and proline. It was found that the indicator of the ratio of bound water to free water, which determines the resistance to drought in the varieties Krasnostop AZOS, Kristall, Zarif, is higher than in other studied varieties and was 5.23-5.24 by the end of summer. The varieties Dostoynyi, Krasnostop AZOS, Aligote showed the maximum amounts of proline (52.41-66.14 μg/g raw weight), involved in the implementation of stress-protective mechanisms. Adaptive changes in water-soluble proteins and sugars played a decisive role in the formation of high-temperature stability in summer. A minimal decrease in the content of soluble proteins (by 1.3 times) during the summer was noted in the Dostoynyi and Kristall varieties, indicating their high adaptive ability. The unstable Aligote variety showed a maximum decrease in the content of soluble proteins by the end of summer (3.4 times). The Zarif variety showed the smallest changes in the content of soluble sugars (a decrease of 1.3 times), indicating increased adaptation to arid conditions. It was found that the induction of protective adaptive mechanisms is more pronounced in the varieties Dostoynyi, Krasnostop AZOS, Zarif, which proved to be more adaptive in comparison with other studied varieties in the conditions of the summer period 2019-2020.

Annotation

The development of the draft regulatory documentation on the process of the quality management system (QMS) �Management of measuring and testing equipment� for the wine-making enterprise is presented. The purpose of the developed manual is to ensure the control and analysis of indicators of the quality of wine products throughout the technological and production cycle, which determine the achievement of the necessary high level of product quality, through the formation of uninterrupted operation of measuring and testing equipment. The process of creating the manual was based on the identification of critical points in the existing scheme of technochemical control of the production of white and red table wines; the development of the algorithm of the process �Control of measuring and testing equipment"; the description of the management procedure of the control, measuring and testing equipment of OOO �SIE �Mikrovinodelie�. The critical points of the quality management process of the produced wine are determined � these are physico-chemical and microbiological indicators that should be monitored throughout the technological scheme. In order to determine the required measuring and testing equipment of the winemaking production, which allows objectively monitoring the quality of products throughout the technological process, an analysis of the existing regulatory documentation at the enterprise was carried out, on the basis of which information on control methods and devices for monitoring and measuring controlled indicators was systematized. The main elements of the process �Control of measuring and testing equipment� are defined, including handling operations; packaging; storage; delivery of products. The contextual diagram, the algorithm of the process, the matrix of responsibility distribution, input and output requirements for the process with references to the previously developed normative documentation regulating their implementation are proposed; the procedures for management of control, measuring and testing equipment at the winery are described.