Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The frost resistance of the varieties of grape of different ecological and geographical groups and periods of ripening in the natural and simulated conditions is studied. During the period 2006 � 2011 more later entry of the plants of grapes into the state of organic dormancy is established. On the basis of es-timation of the complex of physiological and biochemical indices it is established that the frost resistance of grapes of Euro-AmurAmerican (variety Krystall) and European origin (variety Barhatniy and Cabernets Sovinyon) is caused both by the high stability of the protoplasm of cells to the dehydration and cellular membranes � to the destruction; varieties of Euro-American ori-gin Dostoyniy, Pervenets Magaracha, Caber-net AZOS - the stability of theprotoplasm of cells to the dehydration also of varieties Krasnostop AZOS and Ach Chakrak � by the stability of cellular membranes to the destruction

Annotation

Despite the increase in the average annual temperature observed in recent decades in the Anapo-Taman zone of the Krasnodar region, the problem of winter and frost resistance of grapes remains urgent. The purpose of this work is to reveal the adaptive changes in the metabolism of various grape varieties that arise in response to the climatic conditions of the autumn-winter period, on the basis of physiological and biochemical parameters, to identify resistant varieties. The objects of research are grape varieties of various ecological and geographical origin: Kristall (control) � Euro-Amuro-American origin; Krasnostop AZOS, Dostoynyi � Euro-American origin; Vostorg � Amuro-American origin; Zarif � Eastern European origin; Aligote � Western European origin. It was found that the Krasnostop AZOS variety was distinguished by the greatest decrease in tissue water content (by 10%), as well as an increased content of bound water (48.50% of the total amount) in the middle of winter in comparison with other studied varieties. The lowered temperatures in November contributed to the hydrolysis of starch and its transformation into soluble sugars that protect cells from the formation of ice crystals. In the middle of winter, the starch content in all varieties decreased due to its hydrolysis, and to a greater extent in Dostoynyi varieties (10.38 times), Krasnostop AZOS (9.63 times), Zarif (8.75 times). In addition to soluble sugars, the adaptive resistance of grapes to low temperatures was achieved an increase in the content of anthocyanins in the shoot bark. The maximum increase in anthocyanins (2.69 times) was found in the Krasnostop AZOS variety, indicating their significant role in adaptive processes. It was found that, according to the degree of tissue hydration, the content of bound water, anthocyanins, soluble proteins, and the degree of starch hydrolysis, the Krasnostop AZOS variety showed the greatest potential for resistance to low temperatures in the winter conditions of 2020-2021 in comparison with other studied varieties.

Annotation

The search for an accelerated assessment of the resistance of grape varieties to extremely high temperatures (hyperthermia) is of particular relevance due to the increasing climate instability in the Anapo-Taman viticulture zone. The purpose of this work is to conduct a comparative assessment of the response of grape varieties to artificially induced high-temperature stress (hyperthermia) in terms of peroxidase activity, the content of proline, ascorbic acid, and to identify varieties with increased resistance to high temperatures. The objects of research are grape varieties of various ecological and geographical origin: Kristall (control) � Euro-Amur-American origin; Krasnostop AZOS, Dostoynyi � Euro-American origin; Vostorg � Amur-American origin; Zarif � Eastern origin; Aligote � Western European origin. Studied varieties respond to hyperthermia by stimulating the functioning of the antioxidant system, the protective effect of which is determined both by the activation of peroxidase and by the accumulation of proline, ascorbic acid. It was found that peroxidase played an important role in the suppression of oxidative stress in the variety Dostoynyi � an increase in its activity by 5.09 times; unlike other varieties, in which an increase was noted by 1.08-1.97 times. In other varieties, the maintenance of redox balance is achieved by increasing the content of proline, ascorbic acid. Insufficient peroxidase activity under conditions of hyperthermia in varieties Kristall and Zarif was compensated by an increase in proline content � by 2.65 and 7.64 times, respectively. It was presented that in the varieties Kristall and Dostoynyi, ascorbic acid showed its protective effect along with proline � an increase in its content by 2.31 and 2.66 times, respectively. In the Zarif variety under stress conditions, an increase in ascorbic acid by 8.35 times was observed. It has been established that the varieties Zarif, Dostoynyi, Kristall, unlike other studied varieties, are more resistant to extremely high temperatures in the summer period.

Annotation

The article presents the results of studies of physiological and biochemical changes occurring in the tissues of grape shoots under the natural weather and climatic conditions of winter 2020. Taking into account the developing import substitution policy in Russia, the relevance of these studies is confirmed by the need to form a grape assortment adapted to modern conditions of changing climate. In this case, the ecological and geographical origin of the variety is of great importance. Varietal differences in the formation of grape plant responses to the conditions of a changing climate, which are closely related to ecological and geographical origin of plants were revealed. It was found that in all the studied grape varieties, the nature of the dynamics of the starch content, which is the main reserve substance in the winter period, is an important factor for plant adaptation to winter conditions. Maximum starch content was found in the varieties of Dostoyny and Kristall (1.25-1.26 mg / g dry substance), which indicates their increased winter hardiness. The cultivars of Dostoyny and Aligote showed a high contribution of sucrose content to the formation of a protective response to winter conditions. The protective function of proline as an osmoprotector in the process adaptation was manifested in the varieties of Dostoyny, Vostorg, Zarif. A greate role in the formation of resistance in the varieties of Vostorg, Krasnostop, Kristall, Zarif of ascorbic acid was noted, which is an active antioxidant, the content of which was 17.2-29.8 μg / g of raw material. Anthocyanins made a significant contribution to the protection function of the Dostoyny, Krasnostop, Kristall varieties, the content of which in February increased by 1.9-2.0 times compared to January. Based on the results of the research, it was concluded that in the Dostoyny variety a great role for formation of protect mechanism belong to anthocyanins, and in the Vostorg variety � to proline. It has been shown that the induction of a protective response in winter is more manifested in the Dostoyny, Krasnostop, Kristall varieties in comparison with Aligote and Zarif varieties.

Annotation

In the article is actualized the need of creation an electronic database of the grape gene pool, focused on the characteristics of its ecological potential. A step-by-step development of an electronic database architecture for assessing the ecological potential of grape varieties and documentation of the grape gene pool, including the program interface; a dictionary of data to be stored in the database; data types for each element are presented. The requirements imposed by variety specialists, breeders, agronomists and technologists-winemakers to the electronic database are analyzed, analysis of the main characteristics of grape varieties that should be included in the database are conducted, taking into account the reaction of plants to the specificity of environmental conditions and resistance to abiotic factors, as a result of which 81 parameters, grouped by functional groups, are selected as the characteristics that most fully describe the economically valuable characteristics of grape varieties. The logical structure is constructed and the physical design of the database is carried out. To implement the task of selecting varieties according to the specified criteria, three algorithms are implemented, depending on the type and user requirements for the selected varieties. Due to the increased stressfulness of the environment and the need of focusing on the ecological characteristics of varieties, based on the analysis of empirical data, physiological and biochemical indicators that most fully characterize the resistance of grape varieties to abiotic stresses have been established. Algorithms for assessing genotypes with a focus on weather and climate specifics have been developed. In order to rank the variety forms according to the degree of resistance to dehydration and extreme low and high temperatures, a scale of test varieties (standards) from low to high resistant has been developed. The developed algorithm and related elements allowed to create a conceptual model of the decision-making system for the differentiated assessment of the stress resistance of grape samples and their use in different climatic zones. in different climatic zones.