Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Efimova Irina
Articles in journal: (total 25)
Scientific-based use of the best varietyrootstock combinations of fruit crops is the one of the defining factors for improving the efficiency of gardening in the implementation of the import substitution strategy. Within the framework of the Agreement for creative cooperation, in the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution Caspian Agricultural Federal scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences the pple rootstocks NC (North Caucasus) series of the North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Wine-making, providing high adaptability and productivity of grafted trees of various apple varieties are tested. The article presents the results of the third stage of the study of the different growth vigor apple rootstocks NC (North Caucasus) series. The research was carried out in 20152019 at the experimental plot of the fruit garden of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution Caspian agricultural Federal scientific center of the Russian Academy of Sciences in the orchards of 2011 planting. The purpose of the research is to study and select the apple varietyrootstock combinations that the most fully realize the production potential under the arid conditions. It was found that the rate of fruitfulness of all varieties was most affected by dwarf rootstocks of 3 and 4, the trees on which bloomed and formed the fruits in the first or second year after planting. Under the arid conditions of the Astrakhan Region, the greatest biometric parameters were found for the next varieties: Renet Simirenko in combination with all rootstocks, and Idared on medium-sized rootstocks. Idared and Melba varieties were characterized by more restrained growth in combination with the dwarf rootstocks and semi-dwarf 2. The maximum indexes of average yield in the first five years of commodity fruiting was obtained in the Renet Simirenko variety on dwarf rootstocks of 3, 4 (37.4...33.6 t / ha) and Idared on 1, 4 (32.8...46.3 t/ha).
The results of joint researches NCRRIH&V and Institute of Fruit Growing (Belarus) on ecological test of apple varieties of Belarus selection in the conditions of Krasnodar territory are presented in the article.
The effective methods of reproduction in vitro the remote hybrids of Cerasus ill., that are interesting as donors and stability sources to Coccomyces hiemalis Higgins and as new forms of rootstocks for a cherry, a sweet cherry and Japanese cherry tree are presented as results of joint research NCRRIH&V and Institute for Fruit Growing (Belarus).
The results of study of Liberty apple on rootstocks M 9, SK 2, SK 3, SK 7 and M 4 grown in the garden with a low-cost technology are advanced. The features of growth and fruiting are evaluated. For production test in the gardens with high density planting schemes the SK 2 rootstock, with higher fast fruiting, yield, productivity and good fruits quality was selected.
The fruit garden reconstruction within old territory organizations does not meet the requirements of soil protection from water erosion. The effects of water erosion of soil when the garden rows orientation along the slope are shown in the article. The aim of this work was the development of measures to remove the water erosion in the orchards on slopes and to create the optimal conditions for growth and fruiting of fruit trees in the Stavropol Region. It is established that at the straight forward trees placement on slopes the intenseve water erosion processes are developed. The low-cost complex of anti-erosion measures when reconstruction of fruit gardens within the boundaries of the old quarters is proposed. The contour system of trees planting without gradient of rows excludes the additional erosion control measures and improves the water regime of the soil in the garden, because all water spreads along the row. The contour system of trees placement can be used in the foothill areas with slopes steep up to 8-10. The roads in the gardens with contour trees placement are under grass and they have a horizontal direction to reduce the water erosion. The cold air flows down into the valley, and it significantly increases in the frost resistance of trees. The main criterion limiting the use of this technology is the steepness of the slope, that hinder to safe operation of agricultural machinery in the contour plantings. The basic parameters of low-cost technology in the fruit gardens without support construction: the use of scab immune apple varieties and variety-rootstock combinations with good earnestly, the dense placing of trees, the space rows are under grass, the processing around trunks using herbicides etc.