Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Dolya Yuliya
Articles in journal: (total 20)
The first principles and approaches to evaluation of generative sweet cherry potential are shown. The method of determination of potential productivity of sweet cherry varieties is offered.
Basic parameters defining biological productivity of new sweet cherry varieties are studied. The comparative estimation of degree of its realization depending from climatic factors is given. The donors combining high biological productivity with high degree of its realization, expressed in yield of variety are allocated
This paper presents an analysis of changes in climatic factors (average annual air temperature, average annual precipitation, data provided by the meteorological station of Krasnodar) for a long-term study period (1961-2020) in the conditions of the Prikuban fruit zone of the Central Subzone. Analysis of climatic factors showed that the average annual temperature has increased by + 1.2 ºC over the past 30 years, and the average precipitation has decreased by 96.1 mm from 1991-2000. 18 sweet cherry varieties of local and foreign origin and their response to changes in the abiotic parameters of the climate were studied. 5 types of stress factors, most of which occur in the spring period, as well as their role in the formation of the generative potential of productivity of sweet cherry varieties, in particular for fruit buds, flowers, as well as yield capacity have been studied. The influence of spring frosts (in March, April) in the phenophase spreading of scales, extension of inflorescences, flowering on the death of structural elements of fruiting is shown. With this type of stress, the death of generative structures can range from 0 to 100 %, depending on the temperature factor and the phenophase of development. The yield capacity also varied significantly, with a slight damage to fruit buds of 15-30 % it was 13-45 kg/tree; with a damage of 30-100 % it was the minimum 0.0-4.5 kg/tree. Under abiotic stress in winter in the organic dormancy phenophase the death of fruiting elements was significant 90-95 %, and the yield capacity was correspondingly low 1.5-6.0 kg per tree. Local varieties of sweet cherries Alaya, Volshebnitsa, Mak, as well as introduced Krupnoplodnaya, which had better resistance to various types of stress, were identified.
The comprehensive assessment of cherry ordinary genotypes is necessary for a number of reasons: a significant decrease in its productivity is currently observed, while the harmful effect of the pervasive coccomycosis disease has increased significantly, and the effect of high positive temperatures has increased, which has led to a decrease in the heat-resistance potential of some cherry varieties. All this points to the need to select the adaptive varieties for biotic and abiotic stresses in order to solve the breeding problems and improve the industrial assortment of this highly valuable culture, not only in the South, but also in the other regions of Russia. The observations were carried out in the summer period, when the maximum impact of stressful situations is noted illness, lack of moisture and nutrition that adversely affects the generative and vegetative activity of plants. Evaluation of drought resistance of cherry varieties was carried out taking into account the main indicators of productivity (the number of fruit buds, flowers, ovaries and crop accounting) and the general condition of the fruit tree (withering and falling of leaves, flowers, ovaries and fruits). It is noted that the laying of the generative organs and subsequent blossoming were good in almost all varieties of the gene collection by 4.0-5.0 points. The conditions close to optimum during the blossoming period (no frosts, prolonged rains, dry winds, etc.) determined a fairly high fruit set in the most cherry varieties (by 4.0-5.0 points), except for the varieties of Vstrecha, Duke Hadosa, Prizvanie and Obluchinskaya (3.5 points). Evaluation of drought tolerance allowed to distinguish varieties of Vstrecha, Izbrannitsa, Igrushka, Molodezhnaya, Orotak, with minimum damage of the leaves (0-1 point). Also the cherry varieties the sources of adaptability to coccomycosis are selected.
Based on the negative dynamics of weath-er and climate conditions in the Southern region of Russia and taking into account the use of new intensive technologies for cultivating fruit stone crops, it is obviously that the new and promising varieties should be created and selected in the face of climate change. The urgency of this problem determines the purpose of the research the creation and selection of plum domestic varieties and cherry, characterized by resistance to unfavorable environmental factors and stably forming a high-quality yield under the conditions of annual biotic and abiotic stresses. Objects of research the varieties of stone fruit crops, presented in the Center of collective use of the NCFSCHVW genetic collection. The research was carried out in 2014-2017 in the Sub-Kuban zone of horticulture of the Krasnodar Territory, on the basis of the EPF Centralnoe (Krasnodar). The main accounting and observation were carried out in accordance with the methodological guidelines for the variety study of fruit, berry and nut-bearing crops. Assessment of varieties on the main parameters of productivity and adaptability was carried out in accordance with the methodological recommendations of the North Caucasus Regional Research Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture (now NCFSCHVW). In the study there were the promising varieties of plum and cherry, of different eco-geographical origin, possessed with adaptive features that determine the efficiency of their cultivation by intensive technologies. Under the unfavorable weather conditions (2014-2017), the winter hardiness, drought resistance, and resistance of the studied varieties to diseases were evaluated as coccomycosis, monilia and clasterosporium. Under the extreme weather conditions for fruit crops in recent years, the basic adaptive indexes of plum and cherry varieties are specified. On their basis, the most stable varieties for optimizing the modern assortment of these crops under conditions of Southern gardening have been determined.