Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Zaremuk Rimma
Articles in journal: (total 39)
One of the important indicators in the evaluation of new varieties and hybrids of plums are the biochemical parameters and taste qualities of fruits, which make it possible to determine the direction of their use for processing, but also, to identify sources of breeding-valuable traits. The article presents the results of an assessment of 15 new hybrids of domestic plum in the conditions of the Prikuban horticulture zone of the Krasnodar region, obtained from directed crosses. The aim of the research was to evaluate the fruits of domestic plum hybrids according to biochemical parameters (content of solids, sugars, acids, vitamin C, P-active substances), taste (sugar-acid index) and commercial qualities ( fruit weight, shape index, stone weight and its ratio to the total weight of the fruit), the selection of the best, according to a complex of valuable traits, for further use in the breeding process. It was established that under the conditions of the Prikuban horticulture zone, plum fruits accumulated on average 11.8 % of sugars, 18.0% of solids, 0.87% of acids. The highest content of sugars in the fruits of hybrids was observed in forms 17-1-55, 17-2-64 and amounted to 14.9 %. The sugar-acid index, as one of the main indicators of taste, was noted in the hybrid 17-2-64 (15.7). Plum hybrids 17-1-55 (5.1 mg/100 g) and 17-1-76 (5.0 mg/100 g) were characterized by a high content of ascorbic acid. The best indicators for the presence of P-active substances in fruits were recorded in hybrids 17-2-62 (85.9 mg/100 g) and 17-2-64 (90.6 mg/100 g). As a result, hybrid 17-2-64 was isolated, which is characterized by a high content of solids, sugars, P-active substances, as well as taste. It can be recommended as a source of breeding-significant traits for obtaining new varieties and expanding, to a certain extent, the genetic diversity of domestic plum.
Obtaining high-quality sweet cherry fruits in recent years correlates quite strongly with the degree of adaptability of cultivated varieties, which is determined by the weather and climatic factors of the region. The timing of the passage of the phenological stages of the seasonal development of sweet cherries and their duration in the moderate continental climate of southern Russia have been established. The types of stressors that occur during the period of intensive development of sweet cherry fruit organs and their influence on the productivity of varieties are described. The obtained data showed that the temperature during the development of fruit buds of sweet cherries can vary greatly, so in the phenophase dormant period of fruit buds it was within + 4.4 º (2020) + 2.3 º (2019), respectively and timing were different. Consequently, changes in the temperature regime affect the speed and rate of development of spring phenophases. Against the background of the action of weather stressors, groups of sweet cherry varieties were established, which are most susceptible to the influence of abiotic factors and react with a decrease in yield capacity. Thus, early varieties during the study period had lower productivity compared to medium and late varieties. Among all groups, varieties with stable fruiting even under conditions of stressors were distinguished Alaya, Anons, Dar izobiliya, Volshebnitsa. A correlation has been established between the yield capacity and the abiotic factors that affect its implementation (average monthly temperature during the dormant and flowering periods and the total precipitation in the same phenophases), as well as the temperature factor for the duration of the dormant and flowering periods. Regression analysis revealed the greatest relationship between factors such as yield capacity and average air temperature during the flowering period (R2 = 0.972), the temperature factor did not significantly affect the duration of the phenophases of the dormant and flowering periods (R2 = 0.004; R2 = 0.239, respectively).
Results of research on formation of various types of krones of sweet cherry on clonal stock VSL-2 in the irrigation conditions of the Rostov region are presented and preliminarily promising krone types are allocated.
The results of evaluation of various plum variety-rootstock combinations cultivated on closely schemes of landing in the conditions of southern gardening are given in the article. The most productive of garden structure (including variety, clonal stock and schemes of landing) for an intensification of plum production are revealed.
Results of studying of different formations, schemes of landings, elements of summer cutting of sweet cherry in the conditions of Stavropol rgion are given. Ffficiency of various structures of sweet cherry plantings is shown.