Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Zaremuk Rimma
Articles in journal: (total 41)
In recent years, foreign varieties of stone fruit crops have been actively introduced in Russia. New varieties are widely used for laying of intensive plantations. The introduction of new varieties of stone fruit crops presupposes their comprehensive assessment in order to identify the most adaptive and productive varieties under the new soil and climatic conditions. New varieties generation also need to be studied to identify their genetic potential and to isolate the donors and origins of breeding valuable traits. The purpose of the research was to comprehensive assess the introduced varieties of domestic plum of various ecological and geographical origin, to identify the varieties-sources of valuable traits for breeding use and expansion of the group of promising varieties. The article presents the results of evaluation of 6 new introduced varieties of domestic plum, Chinese plum and cherry plum Big Stanley, Blue Moon, August Delight, Dark Sunlight, Crimson Glo, Angelino of various ecological and geographical origin. In the course of the research, new knowledge was obtained on the implementation of their biological potential, the features of the manifestation of signs early maturity, resistance to major diseases, yield, marketability and taste of fruits under the conditions of the Southern Region of Russia. The varieties-sources of breedingsignificant traits, the use of which in breeding will allow to expand the genetic diversity of the culture and obtain new breeding material, have been preliminary selected. It has been established that the varieties of Dark Sunlight and Crimson Glo are early-growing and begin to bear fruit for 3 years after planting in the garden, they resistant to temperature stress factors and have a restrained tree growth force within 2.5 m, high yield exceeding 25 t / ha and high taste at the level of 4.7 points. The selected varieties of plum domestic can be used in various breeding programs, as well as for cultivation in the South of Russia.
The paper presents the results of a comprehensive physiological assessment of 16 cherry`s varieties of various ecological and geographical origin in the Prikuban fruit growing zone of the Krasnodar Territory. The purpose of these studies was to study the physiological characteristics of the formation of cherry adaptability according to drought plant tolerance under the conditions of Southern horticulture to select the most resistant varieties to drought and heat. According to the indicators of leaf tissue water content, the cherry varieties of Timati, Feya, Dyuk Ivanovna, Dyuk Khodosa and Kazachka were revealed in the insufficient moisture period. Varieties characterized by the least loss of water during a long drought were found: Dzhusi Frut (7.1 %), Dyuk Ivanovna (7.4 %), Fairy (7.9 %), Orotak (8.4 %), Dyuk Hodosa (6.5 %), Timati (6.6 %), Vstrecha (6.8 %), Erdie Botermo (6.9%), Prizvanie (6.9%). It was established that in the studied cherry varieties the water-keeping capacity of leaf tissues was quite high and was determined by varietal characteristics and conditions of the year. According to the dry substances content in leaf tissues, the dynamics of which during the period of abnormally high positive temperatures effect indicate to some extent the drought tolerance of cherry varieties. The varieties with the lowest dry matter content like Timati (11.2 %), Dyuk Hodosa (10.4 %), Dyuk Ivanovna (12,2 %), Erdie Bothermo (11.8 %), Jusi Frut (12.5 %) are selected. At the same time, a relationship was established between the hydration of leaf tissues and the dry substances content in them, which increase with a decrease in the total water content. By the complex of physiological parameters, the most drought tolerant varieties under the conditions of the Kuban zone of the Krasnodar Territory are revealed, they are Dyuk Ivanovna, Dyuk Khodosa, Timati and Feya. These varieties can be recommended for cultivation and adaptive cherry plantations under conditions of Southern Region.
Under the condition of the annual stress impact, a lot of zoned plum domestic varieties decreased in adaptive and productive potential, which makes it necessary to optimize the assortment, especially with new varieties of domestic breeding. The basis of obtaining a new variety is the original hybrid material, the evaluation of which allows you to select elite forms and varieties with a set of economically valuable traits. The purpose of these studies was to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the domestic plum gene pool and the selection of selected forms with high adaptability, productivity and fruit quality for breeding use and expansion of promising varieties group. The article presents the results of the evaluation of the source material plum domestic, obtained from the aimed crosses of different parent forms. It has been established that the majority of the studied hybrid forms have an average growth vigor, late maturation, high resistance to the main diseases. Based on the analysis of phonological data and the results of a comprehensive assessment of selected hybrids, two selective forms of 17-2-64 and 17-3-79 were revealed, which characterized by fast fruiting (the beginning of fruiting for 5 years), growth restraint (within 3.7-3.8 m on own roots and without pruning), resistant to clasterossporium (0.5 points), yield capacity of 6.1 and 7.8 t / ha with a planting scheme of 5x3 m in the second year of fruiting. The selected hybrid forms of plum domestic, possessing he economically valuable and breeding significant traits are of interest for further breeding work and are the basis for replenishing the assortment of fruit crops with plum varieties of domestic breeding.
The donors and sources of valuable traits that are recommended for breeding programs to improve varieties and perspective plum, cherry and sweet cherry varieties for industrial production in the south of Russia conditions are allocated
One of the tasks in the research of the gene pool of fruit crops is a systematic phenotypic assessment of samples in collections and the study of their genetic diversity. To date, traditional methods of varietal study and DNA marking are used for this purpose, which make it possible to identify donors and sources for breeding and promising varieties for industrial cultivation. The aim of the research was a comprehensive phenotypic and genotypic evaluation of varieties and hybrids of sweet cherries of domestic breeding. A long-term phenotypic assessment, carried out against the background of unstable and stressful conditions of the growing year, made it possible to identify more plastic varieties of sweet cherries Kavkazskaya uluchshennaya, Kavkazskaya, Podarok leta, combining the signs of winter hardiness, drought resistance, resistance to coccomycosis, and productivity. Simultaneous assessment of sweet cherry varieties of local breeding based on the analysis of polymorphism of microsatellite loci made it possible to establish genetic characteristics and perform DNA certification. To analyze the polymorphism of the studied genotypes, we used 7 SSR loci that were first identified and mapped in the sweet cherry genome (Alaya, Madonna, Kavkazskaya, Kavkazskaya uluchshennaya, Krasna devitsa, Mak, Podarok leta, Yasno solnyshko, Luchezarnaya, Yuzhnaya). Analysis of the obtained DNA fingerprints made it possible to establish that all the studied varieties of sweet cherries have a unique allelic set. For DNA certification of cherry varieties, the most polymorphic SSR markers are recommended: EMPa018, EMPaS12, EMPa017, EMPa004, UCDCH17, UCDCH12 and UCDCH31. Sweet cherry varieties Madonna (early), Podarok leta (middle) and Alaya (late) have been identified as sources of a complex of adaptive and productive traits recommended for further breeding work, as well as varieties that are for laying new cherry plantations in the south of the country.