Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Dolya Yuliya
Articles in journal: (total 20)
The main parameters (adaptability, resistance to diseases, self fertility, fruit quality) of cherris varieties of local selection and promising introducents that determine the productivity of plantations are studied. The evaluation of varieties on basic economy biological indicators is conducted and the most promising varieties are allocated. The main directions of cherry selection are shown, donors and sources of valuable traits are allocated.
The production genetic potential of 9 cherry varieties of home and foreign breeding was studied. The main components of the biological productivity (bouquet and fruit branch-es, annual shoots, fruiting buds), the features of their laying and their relationship are studied. The specificity of formation of biological potential of cherry trees depending on features of varieties and the age of fruit wood is shown. Identified the generative shoots, which form the greatest potential of productivity, that is the basis of fu-ture harvest. The advantage in the for-mation of the future harvest have the bouquet branches due more number and their high roductivity. In the process of research it is selected the Molodezhnaya, Erdi Boterno, Kirina, Shalunya, Nefris varieties with high bio-logical productivity of more than 30 bouquet branches/metre. It was found that the majority of bou-quet branches (49 %) of the cherry varie-ties under study consists 4-5 buds, which form the basis of future harvest. The bearing branches create the greater number of generative elements and 30 % of them form to 7 buds. How-ever, their number in the tree crown only 6%, unlike bouquet branches, that number prevails (86 %). The number of new shoots on the studied cherry trees is also small 8 %. The most productive part of the basic trees branches this is the branches of 2 to 4 years old, where the largest number (up to 95 %) of the generative shoots is formed. Accord-ing to result of research it is selected the cherry varieties with an optimal combination of economic and biological characteristics (high yield, large and commodity fruits) Krasno-darskaya Sladkaya, Kirina and Vstrecha.
The results of long-term work on selection and study of stone fruit crops in the North Caucasian Regional Research Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture are presented in the article. By the results of research the donors and sources of valuable signs that are recommended for breeding programs, and also perspective varieties of plums, cherries, and sweet cherries for industrial production in the conditions of the south of Russia are selected
The results of an assessment of 24 varieties of cherry ordinary (Cerasus vulgaris L.), which is 44% of the genetic collection of North-Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Wine-making are presented in this paper. The assessment was carried out according to the main biological characteristics laying of fruit buds, flowering intensity, flower reduction, productivity, fruit bearing coefficient, which determine the industrial and breeding value of the variety. The dates are determined of the phenological stages of the seasonal development of the fruit tree of ordinary cherry and their duration in the South of Russia. In addition, the possible deviations in the timing of the phenophases processes are described, depending on weather and climatic factors, and their influence on the yield of cherry varieties. The biological productivity assessment showed a high level (4.0-5.0 points) for the laying of fruit buds, which accordingly determined good flowering (4.0-5.0 points). It has been established that a large reduction of flowers in cherry varieties Vstrecha, Kelleris, Orotak, Fanal, Feya is 84-95 %, the yield was 2.5-13.0 kg per tree. With less falling of unfertilized flowers in the amount of 67.0-70.0 % in varieties Azlaniya, Dyuk Ivanovna, Orlitsa 6, Shokoladnitsa, the productivity increased up to 22.0- 28.0 kg per tree. A direct correlation between the dependence (R2 = 0.5928) of the ratio of reduced flowers number and trees productivity was revealed. The calculation of the fruiting coefficient has showed a large variation of this indicator from 7 to 70 % in the studied varieties of ordinary cherry. The maximum efficiency of the realization of the generative potential (63-70 %) has cherry varieties of Azlania, Dyuk Ivanovna, Krupnoplodnaya. Mathematical processing of the data showed an extensive variability of the biological cherry characteristics 10-51 %, as indicated by the coefficient of variation.
The article presents the results of study of cherry cultivars different ecological-geographical origin resistant to most harmful diseases to coccomicosis and monilia, significantly reducing the stability and productivity of perennial plants in the conditions of the Kuban zone of gardening of Krasnodar Region. The aim of the research is the selection of cherry cultivars steady to the main diseases, the determining productivity, fruit quality and stability of fruit production under conditions of biotic stresses and also the improvement on the basis of selected varieties of modern cherry assortment in the South of the country. The results of the field stability evaluation of different cherry varieties, domestic breeding and introduced, to the main diseases are presented. It is found that the heavy defeat of the studied diseases of cherry's leaves and fruits leads to the reduction of the generative activity of cherry cultivars, expressed in lower yields. As a result of study the domestic cherry varieties of new generation Kazachka, Alexa, Vstrecha, Novella, combining a complex resistance to coccomycosis and to monilia are selected. The conjugation of the varieties resistance with the formation of the biological potential of productivity, yield capacity and fruit quality is shown. Based on these data, it is selected the group of the most productive cherries varieties, shown in a stressful environment the greater resistance to abiotic factors and high yield: in the range of 15-20 kg/tree or 10-13 t/hectar at planting scheme 53m. On the results of our evaluation these native varieties of Alexa, Dombasia, Kazachka, Kirina, and Molodezhnaya have recommended to expand the cherry assortment in the Kuban area of horticulture of the Krasnodar Region