Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Dolya Yuliya
Articles in journal: (total 20)
Results of a complex estimation of 18 grades of a sweet cherry different ecological and geographical origin are resulted, used in selection. The best genotypes on the basic indicators of productivity are allocated. Potential possibilities of productivity grades of sweet cherry are defined, and the main factors influencing their implementation at each stage organogenesis are revealed. Donors of productivity combining high biological productivity with high degree of its implementation, expressed in yield grade are allocated.
The paper presents the results of a comprehensive physiological assessment of 16 cherry`s varieties of various ecological and geographical origin in the Prikuban fruit growing zone of the Krasnodar Territory. The purpose of these studies was to study the physiological characteristics of the formation of cherry adaptability according to drought plant tolerance under the conditions of Southern horticulture to select the most resistant varieties to drought and heat. According to the indicators of leaf tissue water content, the cherry varieties of Timati, Feya, Dyuk Ivanovna, Dyuk Khodosa and Kazachka were revealed in the insufficient moisture period. Varieties characterized by the least loss of water during a long drought were found: Dzhusi Frut (7.1 %), Dyuk Ivanovna (7.4 %), Fairy (7.9 %), Orotak (8.4 %), Dyuk Hodosa (6.5 %), Timati (6.6 %), Vstrecha (6.8 %), Erdie Botermo (6.9%), Prizvanie (6.9%). It was established that in the studied cherry varieties the water-keeping capacity of leaf tissues was quite high and was determined by varietal characteristics and conditions of the year. According to the dry substances content in leaf tissues, the dynamics of which during the period of abnormally high positive temperatures effect indicate to some extent the drought tolerance of cherry varieties. The varieties with the lowest dry matter content like Timati (11.2 %), Dyuk Hodosa (10.4 %), Dyuk Ivanovna (12,2 %), Erdie Bothermo (11.8 %), Jusi Frut (12.5 %) are selected. At the same time, a relationship was established between the hydration of leaf tissues and the dry substances content in them, which increase with a decrease in the total water content. By the complex of physiological parameters, the most drought tolerant varieties under the conditions of the Kuban zone of the Krasnodar Territory are revealed, they are Dyuk Ivanovna, Dyuk Khodosa, Timati and Feya. These varieties can be recommended for cultivation and adaptive cherry plantations under conditions of Southern Region.
The donors and sources of valuable traits that are recommended for breeding programs to improve varieties and perspective plum, cherry and sweet cherry varieties for industrial production in the south of Russia conditions are allocated
The cultivation of a number of crops (especially stone fruit, with a short dormant period) in the south of Russia is determined mainly by the temperature factor. The biological potential of sweet cherry adaptability is limited by the temperature limit equal to minus 27.028.0 º in winter, from minus 2.5 to minus 8.0 º in spring, depending on the degree of development of the flower organs. As a result of exposure to low critical temperatures at various phenological phases of development, yield losses are possible up to 80-95 %. The study revealed the climatic factor that had the greatest impact on yield capacity the annual precipitation (R=0.381). Other factors did not significantly affect the formation of productivity: the average annual air temperature (R= 0.167), the sum of temperatures above +10 º (R= 0.160), the absolute minimum temperature (R= 0.007). Various weather stressors have been studied over the last 10 years of observations, which led to a significant loss of the yield of sweet cherry varieties. The most unfavorable years were 2014, 2017 and 2020, when 80-95 % of sweet cherry fruit buds died due to early frosts and return freezings. The yield capacity in these years decreased from 5.0-10.0 kg per tree to single fruits, depending on the variety. Against the background of the manifestation of weather anomalies, resistant varieties were identified Alaya, Dar izobiliya and Volshebnitsa. In years with favorable abiotic factors, sweet cherry is able to form up to 45-50 kg of fruit per tree, such conditions prevailed in 2021. In some varieties, the yield capacity reached 60-65 kg per tree, these include Alaya, Dar izobiliya and Kavkazskaya. In addition, an indicator was determined that significantly affects the yield capacity, the number of fruit buds (R= 0.840), which also directly depends on weather and climatic factors
One of the tasks in the research of the gene pool of fruit crops is a systematic phenotypic assessment of samples in collections and the study of their genetic diversity. To date, traditional methods of varietal study and DNA marking are used for this purpose, which make it possible to identify donors and sources for breeding and promising varieties for industrial cultivation. The aim of the research was a comprehensive phenotypic and genotypic evaluation of varieties and hybrids of sweet cherries of domestic breeding. A long-term phenotypic assessment, carried out against the background of unstable and stressful conditions of the growing year, made it possible to identify more plastic varieties of sweet cherries Kavkazskaya uluchshennaya, Kavkazskaya, Podarok leta, combining the signs of winter hardiness, drought resistance, resistance to coccomycosis, and productivity. Simultaneous assessment of sweet cherry varieties of local breeding based on the analysis of polymorphism of microsatellite loci made it possible to establish genetic characteristics and perform DNA certification. To analyze the polymorphism of the studied genotypes, we used 7 SSR loci that were first identified and mapped in the sweet cherry genome (Alaya, Madonna, Kavkazskaya, Kavkazskaya uluchshennaya, Krasna devitsa, Mak, Podarok leta, Yasno solnyshko, Luchezarnaya, Yuzhnaya). Analysis of the obtained DNA fingerprints made it possible to establish that all the studied varieties of sweet cherries have a unique allelic set. For DNA certification of cherry varieties, the most polymorphic SSR markers are recommended: EMPa018, EMPaS12, EMPa017, EMPa004, UCDCH17, UCDCH12 and UCDCH31. Sweet cherry varieties Madonna (early), Podarok leta (middle) and Alaya (late) have been identified as sources of a complex of adaptive and productive traits recommended for further breeding work, as well as varieties that are for laying new cherry plantations in the south of the country.