Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

As a result of the long-term work at All-Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding, the apple assortment substantially increased in the central zone of Russia. The cultivars of Veteran, Orlik, Orlovskoye Polosatoye, Sinap Orlovsky, etc. are wide spread. Scab immune cultivars have been released; their resistance is controlled by Rvi6: Imrus, Veniaminovskoye, Bolotovskoye, Zdorovie, Kandil Orlovsky, Solnyshko and Svezhest. These cultivars have winter maturation and are wide used in commercial and home gardens of the Central Chernozem Zone. The assortment was replenished with new winter apple cultivars that combine a scab immunity (Rvi6) with a triploid chromosome set (3x), including the varieties of Aleksandr Boiko, Vavilovskoye and Rozhdestvenskoy and the summer apple varieties, including Zhilinskoye, Maslovskoye and Yablochny Spas. The results of the study of the major economical and biological characteristics of Academician Saveliev (ELS 31-36-149) apple cultivar accepted for the state test are given. This cultivar was obtained as a result of the target crossing Veniaminovskoye x 25-35-144 (Wealthy tetraploid x Papirovka tetraploid). The study was carried out on the plot of the primary study of Institute in 2010-2017 where the studied selected and elite seedlings were grafted in the crown of 3-4-98. The scheme of planting was 4m x 2m. The study was carried out in accordance with generally accepted methodology of variety investigation and winter hardiness study in the field and laboratory. It is established that the triploid cultivar of Academician Saveliev is superior to the control of Antonovka Obyknovenna-ya in fast fruit bearing, yield capacity, and the regularity of fruiting. This new apple variety is resistant to scab, winter hardy in Orel Region, and bears high-marketable fruits of winter ripening.

Annotation

The data confirming to the considerable warming of climate which is observed last decade are presented in the article. In summer months in the Central Chernozem region of Russia a large amount of rainfall drops out, and the long period there is a drought. One of ways of fight against this phenomenon in gardening is the selection of drought-resistant varieties and rootstocks of fruit crops. Drought resistance is the dynamic property and it is closely connected with a cycle of development of plants and conditions of environment. It is necessary for fruit crops, including an apple-tree, to adapt to droughty conditions of cultivation. It is known that the resistance of plants to adverse external factors is defined by a condition of intracellular water and a ratio of free and connected water in the tissues. The fractional composition and a ratio of fractions of water give an idea about intensity of water balance, water-retaining ability which is protective reaction of a plant organism under the conditions of manifestation of stressful factors. In the submitted article the analysis of weather conditions of the spring and summer period in the Oryol Region is given. The water content in the tissues and fractional composition of water in the leaves of an apple-tree varieties of summer ripening period of the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of fruit crops breeding as Orlinka, Yablochny Spas and a variety of autumn ripening period of Pamyat Isayeva � on dwarfish inserted rootstocks of 3-17-38, 62-396 and on a vegetative rootstock 62-396 is studied. In the course of research the dynamic reduction of water content in the leaves of all studied apple-tree scion-rootstocks combinations in the adverse climatic conditions of the summer period of 2014-2015 is revealed, and it speaks about their high drought resistance.

Annotation

The research was carried out on the basis of the laboratory of physiology of fruit stability plants of VNIISPK in 2016-2017. The objects of the research were apple cultivars selected by the Institute and growing on a semi-dwarf rootstock 54-118. The variety of Antonovka Obyknovennaya was taken as a control. The experiments were started in 2013, with the scheme of the trees plantings is 5 � 3 m. The crown was spindle�shaped. The row-spacing and trunk strips were kept under black steam. To determine the heat resistance of apple cultivars, the method of heat shock +50 ºC (1.5 hours) was used. The purpose of the research was to study the heat resistance of apple cultivars based on determining the parameters of the water regime in the laboratory. The following parameters of the water regime were determined: total hydration, water deficit, restoration of leaf hydration. As a result of two-year studies, the studied apple cultivars were characterized by average water content (61.2...64.9 %), low water deficit under the field conditions and average deficit after exposure to heat shock and high ability to restore water content of leaf tissues (85.2...108.1%) after exposure to high temperature. The distribution of precipitations and temperatures under the field conditions during the passage of the studied cultivars of individual phenophases affected the hydration and water deficit of apple leaf tissues. There was a decrease in total water content and an increase in water deficit of leaves tissues during the fruit formation period (August) and during the onset of dry and hot conditions in the summer period. After exposure to high temperature +50 ºC in the laboratory conditions, the leaves showed an increase in water deficit in apple cultivars compared to the data under the field conditions. It was found that all the studied apple cultivars had an average level of heat resistance at the level of the control cultivar of Antonovka Obyknovennaya.