Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Urchenko Eugenia
Articles in journal: (total 24)
In recent years, there has been an increasing of the economical importance of diseases of the vascular system of grapes all over the world. The main pathogens are specialized fungal pathogens, the so-called ESCA complex. These fungi cause various types of necrosis. The affected plants have a growth delay, shortening of internodes, intercellular chlorosis, and a reduction of the growth of the young shoots. Disease outbreaks are usually finished with the death of the vine after a few years. The severest form of the disease is apoplexy, which leads to the death of plants in just a few days. The consequences of the disease are the grape plantations productivity dropping. Fully disease-resistant cultivated or wild vine taxa do not currently exist. Biotechnology is the main global trend of the modern grapes protection (in the nurseries and exploited plantations), as well as in all fields of the plant growing. A sufficient number of scientific Publications have been devoted to the development of adaptive-integrated protection systems based on using of maximum possible non-chemical means of limiting or controlling t rachemicosis infection. In the world`s scientists` researches several solutions have been proposed: physical and biological ways to fight pathogens, and increasing in the resistance of plants themselves. The producers based on various Trichoderma strains among the biological methods that are widely used. They are used at all stages of reproduction in the nursery: soaking cuttings, fusion of the scion and rootstock, rooting. Studies of other authors have shown the ability of combinations of different strains of Pythium oligandrum to colonize the grapes roots and induce the protective reactions of the plant. Endophytic bacteria are also promising producers that suppress the development of the disease. All of these producers represent the opportunity to solve the problem of infection with tracheomycosis in nurseries and vineyards.
The symptoms and harmfulness of a new disease of vineyards of Western Ciscaucasia Alternaria are studied. Sufficient antifungal activity of Trichoderma viride against Alternaria tenuissima is revealed. Data on biological effectiveness of the protection sistems of vineyards from Alternaria with using T. viride are presented.
In the paper the process of decomposition of data on the dynamics of the pest population flight in the form of a frequency binomial distribution and its primary statistical assessment is presented on an example of pheromone monitoring data of a European grape moth (Lobesia botrana Den. et Schiff.) in the ampelocenoses of the Taman Peninsula. The observed and statistical indicators of the frequency distribution of the flight of this pest of three economically significant generations are presented. The following are presented: the beginning, the length of flight, the central trend of flught and the expected period of the central trend, and also, with significant limitations, the period of the mass flight of the pest is indicated, calculated as the standard deviation of the flight of all individuals in the period. Also, such indicators as kurtosis, asymmetry and others were calculated and presented, which allow to better understand the nature of the flight of the pest. According to the calculated data, following conclusions are drawn: the actually observed flight of the European grape moth is more uniform in comparison with the theoretical abstraction. At the same time, the first flight is more stretched and unstable than the subsequent mating periods, as indicated by the influence of abiotic environmental factors. Also, according to four generations, the period of full development of one generation of the European grape moth in field conditions has been established. The main probabilistic indicators and differences between the generations are presented. These data can help in understanding the age dynamics of the population of the European grape moth and its probabilistic nature to improve the forecast of pest development and the timing of protective measures. In the paper is also mentioned the falseness of terminology in the designation of flight periods, adopted both in the educational and scientific literature on the European grape moth, and among farmers.
A visual estimation and analysis of external changes of grapes leaves and shoots, expressed in dysplasia, early autumn color, burns, which reflect the reaction of plants to increased ultraviolet radiation during the vegetation of 2009 and 2010 in the Krasnodar territory are presented
This review was carried out on the topic of bacterial population of grapevine, with an emphasis on the functional structure of these communities. Bacterial communities in microbiota of grapevine are the most numerous. According to the localization on the plant, the non-pathogenic part of the microflora is divided into endophytic, which occupies the internal spaces of the grapevine, and epiphytic, which occupies the surface. Most bacterial endophytes do not have a noticeable effect on grape, or this effect has not been studied, but it is known that some of bacterial endophytes can have beneficial effects, for example, to stimulate plant growth or prevent harmful effects of phytopathogens. Epiphytic microflora provides the primary immune barrier in the formation of non-specific immunity in plants. Surface bacterial communities of grapes are vary significantly depending on the occupied ecological niches: roots, leaves, bark, flowers, berries, seeds. The article outlines the role of bacterial communities in ontogeny of grapes and opportunities for its practical use to increase in immune resistance of the grapes. In the literature, there are references to at least twelve genera of bacteria isolated from the microbiota of grapes and exhibiting the antagonistic properties to its pathogens. Species of the Bacillus genus are especially actively used in this area. The factors that form the quantitative and qualitative composition of bacterial microbiota were indicated: anthropogenic, naturalgeographical, edaphic, and genotypic (varietal). Anthropogenic factors have the greatest impact. The direct impact the microbiota in this case is expressed in the introduction of agrochemicals and pesticides, and indirectly associated with pruning, grafting, forming bushes, etc. It is known that the nature of the microbial community varies considerably in the vineyards with organic management.