Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

Alternaria fungi affect a wide range of crops. Of the 300 known species of Alternaria fungi, more than 10 are serious pathogens. Alternariosi mainly manifested of leaf spot. The morbidity of plant by alternariosis is accompanied by high economic losses of agricultural products. In the vineyards of the South of Russia, a harmful manifestation of Alternaria spotting has been observed since the middle of the two thousand years. The causative agent of grapes alternariosis is semi-parasitic fungus of Alternaria tenuissima (Kunze ex Pers.) Wiltshire. The data of laboratory screening for the antimicotic activity of 8 chemical and 19 bacterial (based on bacterial and fungal antagonists) fungicides against the pathogen of Alternaria tenuissima grape � 12 straits of 7 types of bacteria and 7 straits of 4 types of fungi are presented in the article. The majority experimental variants of the active substances and their combinations in chemical fungicides showed the high efficiency in suppressing the growth of pathogen colonies. When comparing the antifungal activity of 2 concentrations of working solutions of biological preparations, it was found that bacterial fungicides show the best efficiency at a concentration of 4.0 ml / l, and fungal � at a concentration of 2.0 ml / l. Among bacterial strains-producers, B. amyloliquefaciens KC-2 B-11141 and B. subtilis var niger B-118 are the most effective in suppressing tenuissima. The strains of B. subtilis B-117, B. subtilis BS-1, B. subtilis B-522 and B. acidocaldarius B-5250 had low antifungal activity, 6 strains were not active. Among the fungal producer strains that participated in the screening for antimycotic activity, T. viride F-838 and T. viride F-294 have the highest efficiency.

Annotation

The analysis of the epiphytic microflora of the leaves of wild grapes growing in the forest near the river and the mountain slope of the Crimean district was carried out. The research was carried out in 2020-2021. The number and structure of complexes of micromycetes associated with grape leaves were determined by swab test method of diluted suspension on a dense nutrient medium (PSA). The structure of the complex of micromycetes associated with leaves in grape plants growing in the floodplain of the river in the spring period was characterized by an abundance of yeast (61,3%), and in plants growing in the forest, mycelial, yeast and yeast-like fungi were approximately in equal proportions. By the beginning of autumn, mycelial fungi dominated in the structure of micromycetes of both ecotopes. The total number of microscopic fungi on the leaf surface of wild grapes changed under the influence of environmental conditions. The leaf apparatus of grape plants from the forest had a smaller number of micromycetes (on average for 2 years ranged from 1315.2...5094.7 thous. CFU /1gr dry matter), compared with plants growing in the floodplain of the river (on average for 2 years ranged from 5116.1 to 9279.7 thous. CFU /1gr dry matter). Thus, the total number of microflorae of grape leaves is affected by the humidity regime of the air and soil. Species of the genus Cladosporium sp. � 44.4 % (May), Phomopsis sp. � 65.8-78.2 % (July-September) were distinguished as dominant on the leaves of wild grapes of the forest area during the growing season. In the sample growing in the floodplain of the river, the dominant ones were: Phomopsis sp. (54.8 % in May; 82.4 % in September) and Cladosporium sp. (53.6 % in June; 35.3 % in July).

Annotation

Krasnodar region is the leading region of Russia in the production of grapes, one of the most important branches of production in the world. In the region, about 80% of the area is occupied by technical varieties. Fungal diseases, in particular leaf spots, cause significant damage to viticulture, as they can lead to a significant decrease in yield capacity. One of these diseases is necrotic leaf spot caused by fungi of the genus Alternaria Nees. The article provides an assessment of the incidence of hybrid forms of this disease. In the conditions of 2019, which was characterized by elevated average monthly temperatures during the growing season, the greatest spread of the disease was observed on hybrid forms of Tana 19 and Tana 92, on which the pathogen was present in a parasitic form. In the conditions of a later start of vegetation in 2020, the intensity of disease development was low on all varieties (0.7-12.3 %). In 2022, there was a shortage of precipitation in several months of the growing season, as a result of which the pathogen spread less on all hybrid forms and was present mainly as a saprotroph on weakened leaves. The spread and intensity of the disease development differed depending on the shoot tier � the most severe leaf damage is noted on older leaves of the lower tier, the least � on young, or leaves of the upper tier. Tana 92 was characterized by the greatest infestation of leaves of the middle and lower tier among all forms. When analyzing the mycopathocomplex of necrosis on the leaves of hybrid forms, it was found that it contains 8 species of hyphomycetes, of which 50 % are different species of Alternaria.

Annotation

It is noted in the article that the theoretically modeled potential world range of invasion of a brown-marmorated stink bug based on abiotic conditions covers the vast territories of different continents. Today, this species appears in quarantine lists in the many countries of the world. This species has become an economically significant phytophage for many crops and in the countries of the Black Sea Region � Georgia and Abkhazia. The Krasnodar Territory is favorable for the harmful spread of brown-marmorated stink bug according to climatic conditions. The large phytosanitary risk for the agricultural crop production of the Kuban, and in particular for viticulture, induce to start the regular monitoring observations and the study of the bioecological characteristics of the invader in the conditions of the Western Ciscaucasia Region (Krasnodar Territory) in order to contain the invasion and to develop the control measures of phytofug spreading. This article provides an analysis of the scientific literature on the history of the global spread of a dangerous invasive species of vermins � the brown-marmorated stink bug Halyomorpha halys Stal. (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). Behavioral characteristics of his, the range of host plants, the nature of harm are described. The intensification of globalization processes, the increase in traffic flows, the climatic changes, and the huge biotic potential of the bug as wide polyphagia, high fecundity, vector and migration activity make him potentially dangerous vermin for agricultural crop production of the Krasnodar Territory and especially for fruit crops and grapes. Study carried out on monitoring the distribution of the invader in the territory of Western Ciscaucasia, verification the range of plants which this species began to damage, and the gender structure of populations have allowed to conclude that the species is in a state of active development for a new range.