Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The article presents the results of studying the influence of some types of packaging materials used in conjunction with an ethylene absorber on ethylene production intensity of zucchini cv. Alexandria and tomatoes cv. Inkas during storage for 14 days at a temperature of 8 � 10 �� and air relative humidity of 90�3 %. The study was carried out using StePac Xtend bags, creating a modified atmosphere, and Inter Fresh ethylene absorbers (sachets); one sachet for ethylene absorption was placed in Xtend bags. It was found that when stored under these conditions the ethylene concentration in Xtend bags was 80% lower in case of zucchini and 1600 % lower in case of tomatoes than when using traditional bags, even despite the higher initial mass of produce in Xtend bags. In zucchini and tomatoes extracted from bags, the rate of ethylene production was also lower after storage in Xtend bags, than when using traditional bags: 111,1 % lower in case of zucchini and 211,5 % lower in case of tomatoes. Losses associated with microbiological spoilage were not observed during the experiment.

Annotation

One of the most important vegetable crops in Russia is cabbage, which includes a number of varieties, including cauliflower. The content of vitamin C, carbohydrates, proteins, acids and minerals in cabbage determines its value as a food product. Currently, one of the areas of research aimed at developing new effective, economical and environmentally friendly echnologies for storing vegetable juicy raw materials is the use of various types of physical treatment, including electromagnetic fields. This article presents the results of studying the influence of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields the content of water, fiber, soluble carbohydrates (sugars and starch), protein and vitamin C in the cauliflower cultivar of Ardent during storage. The objects of research were treated with an electromagnetic field (25 Hz, 10mT, 30 min) in a laboratory experimental setup and were stored for three weeks at a temperature of 4�1 º� and air relative humidity of 75�3 %. It was found that, in comparison with the control, the ELF EMF treatment of cauliflower leads to a slightly more active loss of water, and is also ccompanied by a decrease in the mass fraction of cellulose by an average of 5.3 % and an increase in the mass fraction of soluble carbohydrates by 18.1 %, protein by 4.6 % and vitamin C by 14.4 % during storage. The study of the regularities of the influence of the treatment of vegetable juicy raw materials with electromagnetic fields of extremely low frequencies on the biochemical composition can make it possible to develop new storage methods.

Annotation

Grapes are a seasonal crop, and their consumption in fresh form is limited to two or three months. Extension of the period of consumption is possible by careful selection of yielding and genotypically stable varieties, the set of which would ensure an equal arrival of products in trade and processing enterprises, as well as by forming a rational logistical system of transportation and storage, which allows to prolong the storage period of grapes. To date, there are a number of technologies for grape storage, allowing to minimize the value of losses, as well as to prolong the period of storage. However, not all methods are safe for human health and their effectiveness cannot be justified. Proceeding from this, the aim of the research is to develop storage technology for table grapes, allowing to extend the storage period, using biotechnological methods, safe for human health. On the basis of the analysis of scientific and technical information sources, it was established that a promising direction is the development of storage technology with the use of film-forming films and coatings. On the basis of organoleptic biochemical, physico-chemical and microbiological studies the technology of table grapes storage with the use of film-forming coatings based on starch and gelatin and based on chitosan and sodium alginate has been developed. It has been established that storage of grapes with film-forming coatings in accordance with the developed technology has a positive effect on grape yield and reduces the value of total losses. The best indices, irrespective of the composition of the film-forming coating, showed the samples treated at the rate of 100 ml per 1000 grams of berries. The yield of marketable grapes when using the coating based on starch and gelatin increased by 29.6 %, the yield of grapes based on chitosan and alginate increased by 25.7 %.

Annotation

Courgettes and scallop squash are quite important vegetable crops in the Russian Federation. For the period 2000-2020 gross yields of courgettes and scallop squash in farms of all categories increased by 10.5 %, in the commercial sector (agricultural organizations and peasant/farm enterprises) � by 95.4 %. However, as objects of storage, the fruits of these crops are distinguished by thin integumentary tissues, low water-holding capacity, high respiration rate, and vulnerability to microbiological deterioration. Further complicating the organization of their storage is the fact that courgettes and scallop squash are thermophilic and get damaged by low temperature. Thus, the creation of technologies to control the loss of courgettes and scallop squash is relevant. The purpose of this work was mathematical modeling of the processes of natural weight loss of fresh courgettes during storage and the development of software for predicting losses. As objects of study, a hybrid of courgettes Iskander F1 was used. The courgettes were stored for 10 days under various conditions: the temperature varied from 7 to 15 ºC, relative air humidity - from 55 to 95 %. At the end of storage, the mass of research objects was determined. As a result of the conducted work, the dependence of the natural weight loss during storage of courgettes on such parameters as temperature and relative air humidity was revealed. The established dependence made it possible to create a mathematical model and develop software based on it, designed to predict the amount of losses depending on the aforementioned parameters. The developed application llows to optimize the storage parameters of courgettes in order to reduce losses and maximize the duration of their storage.

Annotation

Cabbage vegetables are distinguished by a number of features of the course of physiological and biochemical processes due to high humidity, which increases the intensity of metabolism in cells and tissues. This fact makes it difficult to organize the storage of such primary produce: the quality is rapidly decreasing, losses are increasing, the value of which is influenced by such parameters as relative air humidity, temperature, degree of aeration, variety, degree of maturity of primary produce, presence of mechanical and other damage, phytopathogens contamination. In this regard, it is relevant to study the regularities of the effect of processing plant primary produce (white cabbage) with biological preparations based on domestically produced reagents on reducing losses, stabilizing quality and preserving biologically active substances. In experiments in vitro it was found that in relation to the phytopathogen Ps. maculicola, the biological product Vitaplan did not give the effect of suppressing growth, and the biological product Bactofit caused a slight delay in the growth of the phytopathogen: 0.5-1 mm. The effectiveness of the bactericidal action of natamycin on Rh. solani and Ps. maculicola is more than 3 times higher at a concentration of 0.1 g/l. The bactericidal effect of the product with a concentration of 0.5 g/l is more than 2 times more effective than a concentration of 0.1 g/l on exposure to S. sclerotiorum and B. cinerea. In an in vivo study, the development of Bacillus subtilis was not observed in samples with introduced biological products. In samples with introduced phytopathogens S. sclerotiorum, B. cinerea, Ps. maculicola, after 21 days of storage, the affected area increased threefold. With the joint introduction of phytopathogens and biological products, both Vitaplan and Baktofit had a restraining effect on the development of all three phytopathogens. No development of phytopathogens was observed during inoculation of white cabbage heads with phytopathogens followed by the introduction of two different concentrations of natamycin (0.05% and 0.1%).