Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

Courgettes and scallop squash are quite important vegetable crops in the Russian Federation. For the period 2000-2020 gross yields of courgettes and scallop squash in farms of all categories increased by 10.5 %, in the commercial sector (agricultural organizations and peasant/farm enterprises) � by 95.4 %. However, as objects of storage, the fruits of these crops are distinguished by thin integumentary tissues, low water-holding capacity, high respiration rate, and vulnerability to microbiological deterioration. Further complicating the organization of their storage is the fact that courgettes and scallop squash are thermophilic and get damaged by low temperature. Thus, the creation of technologies to control the loss of courgettes and scallop squash is relevant. The purpose of this work was mathematical modeling of the processes of natural weight loss of fresh courgettes during storage and the development of software for predicting losses. As objects of study, a hybrid of courgettes Iskander F1 was used. The courgettes were stored for 10 days under various conditions: the temperature varied from 7 to 15 ºC, relative air humidity - from 55 to 95 %. At the end of storage, the mass of research objects was determined. As a result of the conducted work, the dependence of the natural weight loss during storage of courgettes on such parameters as temperature and relative air humidity was revealed. The established dependence made it possible to create a mathematical model and develop software based on it, designed to predict the amount of losses depending on the aforementioned parameters. The developed application llows to optimize the storage parameters of courgettes in order to reduce losses and maximize the duration of their storage.

Annotation

Cabbage vegetables are distinguished by a number of features of the course of physiological and biochemical processes due to high humidity, which increases the intensity of metabolism in cells and tissues. This fact makes it difficult to organize the storage of such primary produce: the quality is rapidly decreasing, losses are increasing, the value of which is influenced by such parameters as relative air humidity, temperature, degree of aeration, variety, degree of maturity of primary produce, presence of mechanical and other damage, phytopathogens contamination. In this regard, it is relevant to study the regularities of the effect of processing plant primary produce (white cabbage) with biological preparations based on domestically produced reagents on reducing losses, stabilizing quality and preserving biologically active substances. In experiments in vitro it was found that in relation to the phytopathogen Ps. maculicola, the biological product Vitaplan did not give the effect of suppressing growth, and the biological product Bactofit caused a slight delay in the growth of the phytopathogen: 0.5-1 mm. The effectiveness of the bactericidal action of natamycin on Rh. solani and Ps. maculicola is more than 3 times higher at a concentration of 0.1 g/l. The bactericidal effect of the product with a concentration of 0.5 g/l is more than 2 times more effective than a concentration of 0.1 g/l on exposure to S. sclerotiorum and B. cinerea. In an in vivo study, the development of Bacillus subtilis was not observed in samples with introduced biological products. In samples with introduced phytopathogens S. sclerotiorum, B. cinerea, Ps. maculicola, after 21 days of storage, the affected area increased threefold. With the joint introduction of phytopathogens and biological products, both Vitaplan and Baktofit had a restraining effect on the development of all three phytopathogens. No development of phytopathogens was observed during inoculation of white cabbage heads with phytopathogens followed by the introduction of two different concentrations of natamycin (0.05% and 0.1%).

Annotation

Control and prevention of plant Diseases is one of the main tasks in agriculture. This is due to the fact that such diseases can lead to significant economic losses. The article considers the most well-known in the international market preparations and methods of plant protection using the mechanism of induced resistance. To this end, a review of the research literature was conducted, biopesticides registered in the United States, Europe and a number of other countries were studied, and a patent search was carried out in international databases of patent documentation. It has been established that in recent years a significant amount of work has been done in the field of studying the ability of various substances and bioagents to induce plant resistance to diseases. It is concluded that the continuation of research in this area is relevant and of interest, including as a basis for developing innovative technologies for storing plant products.

Annotation

The losses of crop production during storage depend on variety characteristics, the system of protection against vermins and diseases, terms and methods of harvesting, commodity processing and storage preparation methods and are associated with physiological, biochemical and microbiological processes occurring during storage. In connection with this, the current direction of research is the development, modification and improvement of methods for managing the biochemical and microbiological processes of long-term storage of crop production. Research has been carried out in the field of biological control of phytopathogens � causative agents of carrot diseases using strains of Bacillus subtilis. It is shown that the most active in relation to the test set of pathogens characteristic for carrots in vitro experiments were strains of Bacillus subtilis IPM 215 and VKM B-2605D. The dynamics of populations of phytopathogens and antagonist strains in the sections of carrot roots was studied. It is revealed that the rate of growth of the Bacillus subtilis population in the first stage of storage exceeds the growth rate of the populations Alternaria radicina and Erwinia carotovora. After three days of storage, the growth dynamics of Bacillus subtilis decreases, which indicates the expediency of processing root crops with Bacillus subtilis preparations, which, due to more intensive growth, creates the competition in the struggle for nutrients during the first stage of storage. In addition, the products of the life of Bacillus subtilis are effective inhibitors of phytopathogens. As a result of carried out research it is established that the treatment of root crops of Bacillus subtilis influences the degree of development of diseases caused by Alternaria radicina and Erwinia carotovora that allows to consider the studied strains of Bacillus subtilis as promising for the biological control of diseases caused by phytopathogenic microorganisms during storage of root crops of carrots.

Annotation

The main results of scientific research of the Krasnodar Research Institute of Storage and Processing of Agricultural Products � branch of the North Caucasian Federal Research Center of Horticulture, Wine-Making, Winemaking, obtained in 2021 by scientists of the Institute in the performance of the state task in 5 scientific areas within the framework of the implementation of 2 complex topics, as well as data reflecting publication effectiveness and patent-licensing activity are presented. The research work was carried out in accordance with the PFSR in the Russian Federation for the long-term period (2021-2030) in the direction of: 4.4.1 Storage and processing of agricultural products. Ensuring the priorities of the Program of Fundamental Scientific Research in the Russian Federation for the long-term period (2021-2030) provides for the need for scientific research, the purpose of which is to identify patterns of controlled transformation of plant raw materials by a complex of chemical and biotechnological methods in order to develop technological processes of its deep processing and obtaining food systems the specified consumer and functional properties, as well as scientific research, aimed at developing algorithms and tools for managing the processes of increasing the storage capacity of root and cabbage vegetables, strawberries and grapes during storage, caused by technological factors and product features. The results of scientific research have been published in journals � 68 scientific articles, among them in journals included in the list of the Higher Attestation Commission under the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation � 33 articles, of which in journals included in the core of the RSCI � 15 articles, in journals indexed in the international information and analytical citation system Scopus � 9 articles. 25 articles have been published in the materials and collections of International Scientific and Practical Con-ferences. As a result of the conducted sci-entific research, 3 patents for inventions, 1 patent for a utility model and 5 certificates of registration of computer programs were obtained, as well as 6 applications for alleged inventions were submitted to the FIIP.