Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Decorative shapes of garden rocks and grapes in the landscape construction
The intensity and peculiarity of the rose aroma depends largely on the conditions of the plants growth: the characteristics of the soil, agrotechnics, weather conditions, etc. One of the tasks of our study is to find out how the temperature inside the flower is changed during the day, depending on the temperature-humidity regime of the ambient air and how in connection with it the rose aroma is appeared. 17 varieties of roses of different eco-geographical origin from different garden groups were studied. The varieties are differed according to the color of flower petals, the degree of double, the intensity of the aroma phenomenon. The plants are grafted on the R. canina rootstock, age is 4 years. Roses are planted on the collection plot of the FSBSI NCFSCHVW. The article presents the results of the study of the rose aroma manifestation peculiarities, depending on the temperature and humidity conditions of the ambient air and inside the flower. As a result of the study, the peculiarities of the manifestation of aroma intensity in different rose varieties were revealed during the interaction of the "genotype-environment" system. It is shown that the presence f R. Damascene garden forms in the origin of the genotype promotes the development of a stronger and more stable aroma in the studied rose varieties, which is considered as the one of the adaptive reactions of the species to high temperatures and low moisturity of the environment. A more intense aroma is characteristic for varieties with dark-colored petals, which have a higher temperature inside the flower in the morning. Varieties of roses with double flower type, in comparison with semi-double flowers, retain the aroma during the day for a longer time, which is associated with varietal features and with the formation of the optimum of temperature-humidity regime inside the flower for evaporation of the volatile components of essential oils.
The main goal of this work is to assess the adaptability and biometric parameters of the scion-rootstock combinations of Sakura under the conditions of urban environment. The greening in the modern urban landscape involves the presence of beautifully blooming trees of different heights and crown volume. According to this aim, in our study we analyzed the effect of clonal rootstocks VSL-2 (breeding of Krymsk ESS branch of WIR), 3-76, 5-44, 5-42, 3-114, 7-42 (breeding of FSBSI NCFSCHVW) at the height of the trees of popular varieties (Prunus Shirofugen serrulata, P. serrulata Kiku-shidare-sakura, P Burgundi Royal serrulata, P. serrulata Kanzan, Rexii (Kirhn). Sok) and promising forms of Sakura, including NCFSCHVW breeding under the arboretums condition of Sochi and Krasnodar. For the experiment the forms (scion, rootstock), selected for resistance to coccomicous (pathogen Blumeriella jaapii (Rehm) Arx)) in the collectional planting of NCFSCHVW were taken. The Vesenniy capris (AI1) form wasnt defeat by coccomicous, even with the artificial infection, and shows the high resistance (100%). The forms, lesioned by moniliosis (causative agent the fungus Monilia cinerea Bon.) were selected, there are Rexii (Kirhn) Sok, P. serrulata Kiku-shidare-sakura, Symphoniya nezhnosty. As a result of the study carried out, the lesion of the forms studied by the main pathogens under the conditions of humid subtropics of Sochi was estimated, the most adaptive combinations were identified, their height is determined. The influence of rootstocks and scions the growth and development of combinations of Sakura was shown. The obtained new data of the scion-rootstock combinations characteristics are necessary to develop the methods of original spatial and plastic accents that improve the urban environment and natural and climatic conditions of the South Region.
Under the conditions of the central subzone of the Krasnodar Region, the morphometric indexes of 10 perspective varieties of hybrid herbaceous hibiscus (Hibiscus x moscheutos L.) were studied. It is established that the introduced varieties of hibiscus vary considerably in parameters: the height of the bush, the number of generative shoots on the bush, the number of flowers on the shoot, the number of simultaneously open flowers on the shoot, the number of simultaneously open flowers on the bush, the diameter of the flower, the percentage of fruit (boxes). Low-growing varieties are indicated with a bush height of up to 100 cm: Royal Gems, Robert Fleming; medium- growing (100-160 cm): Cranberry Crush, Jazzberry Jam, Plum Crasy, Old Yella, Summer Storm; high growing (over 160 cm): Fantasia, Fireball. The maximum number of generative shoots was established in the varieties Jazzberry Jam (12) and Robert Fleming (8), the minimum in the varieties Old Yella (3), Plum Crasy (4), Royal Gems (4). It is revealed that the Cranberry Crush, Robert Fleming, Kopper King varieties do not form the fruits in the Krasnodar Region. In Jazzberry Jam, Royal Gems, Plum Crasy varieties the fruits are tied rarely, seeds are often defective. To involve in the breeding process, the varieties are selected as the mother plants: Fantasia, Fireball, Old Yella, Summer Storm in which the fruits are tied on average f rom 10-40 %. The varieties-sources of compact bushes with a dense high-decorative leaf mosaic are defined: Cranberry Crush, Jazzberry Jam, Summer Storm. The varieties selected have a high adaptive potential in combination with valuable decorative features and are promising for landscape construction in the Southern Russia.
A retrospective analysis of the culture of roses in the industrial horticulture of the world, a review of the rose assortment of various garden groups and special agrotechnical methods of plants cultivation in an open ground and in greenhouses is carried out. The relevance of the variety study of this plants group and the prospects for its use in the phytodesign are substantiated. The objects are low growing varieties from spray rose groups, miniature roses, and interior design projects with their participation. At the first stage of the work, a study of the assortment in collection of the FSBSI NCFSCHVW was carried out and selected the varieties of roses from these groups for landscaping the designed interiors. In the working process, the most demanded options in a modern style were selected. The main ideas of the projects were the creation of a constructive connection of plant composition with the modern interior and the architectural and planning purpose of the room, corresponding with biological features of plants. Designed interiors within the boundaries of a single room included the rose compositions of the Regensberg and Clementine varieties, and color potpourri from plants of different varieties: Malchik-s-Palchik, Bridal Meillandina, Thumbelina. Depending on the level of natural illumination, the plants were placed in a sub window space or central zone. To the care of plants (watering, fertilizer, spraying, pruning, etc.) the design solutions assumed free access zones. The use of roses in gardening contributed to a significant increase in the artistic expression of the environment. The main organizational ideas of the developed projects were the creation of a constructive connection of the plant composition with the participation of roses to the stylistics of the modern interior, adherence to the principles of rationalism, functionality and aesthetics. This approach provided the artistic Expressiveness and uniqueness of design projects and allowed to create a special emotionally active interior, ensuring the cultural integrity of the object, which united the plants with the objective world.
Under the conditions of Southern gardening, the adaptive potential of 12 introduced varieties (Hibiscus x moscheutos L.): Cranberry Crush, Fantasia, Fireball, Jazzberry Jam, Kopper King, Old Yella, Plam Crasy, Royal Gems, Robert Fleming, Summer Storm, Pepermint Shnaps, Heartthrob was studied. The stability of introduced varieties to the complex of unfavorable summer stress factors (high summer temperatures reaching +37 ºC and above, deficiency of air and soil moisture, dry-water phenomena, increased insolation) is estimated. The most stable varieties are selected: Peppermint Schnapps, Fantasia, Fireball, Jazzberry Jam, Summer Storm stability at the level of 4-5 points. For varieties Fantasia and Peppermint Schnapps distinctive thick waxy cuticle of the leaf, which causes their increased drought tolerance, is topical. The varieties of Royal Gems, Plum Crazy, Robert Fleming are non-resistant, they worse than others tolerate to dry hot period, their stability is 3 points. These varieties in the summer with drought reduced the flowering period, the flower size, he leaves lose turgor. It is observed the desiccation and shedding of buds for the varieties of Cranberry Crush and Heartthrob. Some plants showed the signs of the disease: Alternaria sp., Colletotrichum hibisci Poll., Fusarium equiseti (orda) Sacc, Phytophthora sp. On the plants of Kopper King, t he symptoms of defeat of viral origin are noted. On some plants the vermins are observed Heliothis armigera L, Autographa gamma L., Metcalfa pruinosa Say., Tetranychus sp. The obtained data indicate the need for the development of protective measures in the process of cultivation of Hibiscus x moscheutos L. in the Southern horticulture of Russia.