Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The experience of using remote sensing data and geoinformation systems (next GIS) in viticulture in other countries has shown that the introduction of digital technologies for collecting, processing and using data on the conditions of soils, plants and the environment at different levels of generalization (bush, row, cell, field, farm) ensures the stability of crop production and the quality of berries for wine production. The management concept of digitalized vineyard is based on the use of analytical tools and specialized databases. The article discusses the possibilities of GIS Policy 5 for vineyards. The introduction of GIS for the digitalization of grape plantations will allow solving many tasks: determining the boundaries of grape plots; creating digital passports (legends) of vineyards based on technological maps linked to an electronic map; obtaining a multi-layered territorial parametric model of the area in which the vineyard grows; to simulate climatic 8-11 summer cycles, the probability of frosts, prolonged spring, droughts, hail and other extreme weather events in a given area and to what extent it can affect vineyards at different stages of vegetation; to model the role of landscape characteristics in the formation of relief, climate, soils, weather (temperature changes, soil freezing); to model the hydrological regime of the territory; to model soil characteristics, for example, the presence of active calcium, the level of basic nutrients after fertilization for 3-5 years; to develop optimal planting schemes depending on landscape, soil and climatic conditions by digital layers. The solution of these and a number of other tasks based on digitalization will ensure the sustainable development of the viticulture industry, stable harvest and the quality of viticulture products in modern conditions.
The article presents the results of research aimed at creating competitive, highly productive vineyards with stable fruiting and high quality grape-wine products. An approach based on the creation of software based on established relationships and interdependencies in the "soil-plant-climate" system is proposed. The purpose of the research was to develop a decision-making algorithm for the selection of optimal grape varieties for specific edaphoclimatic conditions and a PC for its implementation. The objects of research are grape varieties of various ecological and geographical origin. The source of information about grape varieties was: the All-Russian ampelographic collection (city of Anapa), the collection of ARNRIV&W Magarach (Republic of Crimea), the collection of ARRIV&W named after Ya.I. Potapenko (Rostov region), Dagestan collection (city of Derbent). Modern methods of modeling and information technology were used as a methodological basis for research. Competent selection of variety when laying a vineyard is one of the main factors in the formation of competitive plantations. It is necessary to take into account requirements of variety for the temperature regime of the cultivation zone (the sum of active temperatures, minimum temperatures and the frequency of their repetition) when selecting a variety, in the case of grafted planting material, the affinity of the graft-rootstock combination and the characteristics of the rootstock. On the basis of the conducted research, an algorithm for selecting varieties and rootstocks for specific edaphoclimatic characteristics of the area of cultivation of grape plantations has been developed, which will ensure the highly efficient use of the genetic properties of varieties and the edaphoclimatic potential of the cultivation zone. The next stage of research was the direct programming of modules for calculating the selection of varieties according to specified criteria, which will allow creating software (PC) for the decision-making process for choosing the optimal grape varieties for specific edaphoclimatic conditions.
This article presents the results of a strategic analysis of the activities of the OJSC AIF FANAGORIA in order to confirm the relevance of the production of juice products. An action plan has been drawn up to reduce risks and threats. The plan provides for an increase in the area of vine plantations, the laying of new resistant grape varieties to reduce dependence on climatic conditions; increase in production and marketing of grape products. It is recommended to produce juices from the harvest of old, planned for uprooting, and young, yielding the first harvests, vineyards. It is proposed to combine into one document and structure the requirements for the rules for the production of juice products. A draft standard for an organization for the production of directly expressed juices from fresh grapes has been developed, including the following sections: scope, regulatory references, basic technological terms and definitions, classification, technical requirements, technological stages of production, packaging, labeling, acceptance rules, control methods, transportation and storage. The draft standard for the first time Proposed to establish requirements for the characteristics of the soil, its physical, agrochemical and chemical properties, taking into account the laying of new plantings (criteria for suitability of soils); specify the norms for the application of mineral fertilizers depending on the type of soil; prescribe the provision of vineyard soil with nutrients depending on the condition of the plants, the level of soil fertility, moisture supply and yield; introduce the systematic application of mineral macro- and micro fertilizers, that ensure the growth of the value and quality of yields. For the production of directly expressed juices, a wide range of grape varieties of different maturation periods is recommended, including new promising varieties, clones and proto-clones, that are of interest for a complex of economically valuable characteristics and allow obtaining a high yield with a reduced pesticide load. The introduction into production of the proposed draft standard of the organization will greatly simplify compliance with the requirements in force in the Russian Federation for the production of directly expressed grape juice.
The article considers the issue of the influence of abnormal agrometeorological conditions on the yield capacity of early table grape varieties of interspecific origin in the Krasnodar region to create a mathematical model of minimum yield capacity. Paired correlation and multiple regression were used to assess the impact of abnormal agrometeorological conditions on the yield capacity. The yield capacity of grapes of early table varieties of interspecific origin was taken from different agroecological zones of the Krasnodar region for 1997-2020. Extreme agrometeorological indicators are calculated according to generally accepted methods. Using pair correlation, the most important extreme agrometeorological parameters were selected: the minimum air temperature of June-November of the previous year (r = 0.41), the total precipitation in May-July (r = 0.50) and the Selyaninov hydrothermal coefficient for May-July (r = 0.52). The prognostic model of the minimum yield capacity of early table grape varieties of interspecific origin included the minimum air temperature of June-November of the previous year and the Selyaninov hydrothermal coefficient for May-July. The model was tested according to the observed yield capacity indicators obtained in the Central Agroecological Zone on two varieties of early ripening of interspecific origin Gurman Kraynova and Viktor. The predicted average minimum yield capacity of early table grape varieties of interspecific origin for agroecological zones and subzones of the Krasnodar region was determined using the developed yield capacity model. Agroecological subzones with high average minimum predicted yield capacity depending on abnormal weather conditions were identified in the Black Sea zone, subzones BS1, BS2 and BS5 with yield capacity equal to or higher than 10 t/ha, in the Northern zone of subzones N1 and N3 with yield capacity above 9 t/ha, in the Western zone of subzone W1 with yield capacity above 9 t/ha, in the Central zone of the C1, C2 and C3 subzones with yield capacity above 8 t/ha. The lowest predicted productivity is shown by varieties in the subzones of the Central Agroecological Zone remote from the sea and in the Foothill zone. This technique for assessing the risks of cultivation is recommended to be used for any varieties of technical and table directions of use.
The paper presents the results of functional and structural modeling of products for personalized nutrition and substantiates the relevance of the development of specialized digital tools. The analysis of the production of food products in recent years has revealed the main trends in the structure of produced species. As objects for the organization of personalized nutrition, mass consumption products were chosen bread and bakery products, confectionery, canned fruits and vegetables, soft drinks. As research methods, the methodology of functional and structural modeling of systems is used. Most food products contain various sets of ingredients, and those, in turn, consist of a certain set of chemical elements. Their combinations in various proportions lead to the fact that the final product will have certain properties, both positively and negatively affecting people's health. Accounting for these factors, identifying the composition of ingredients when designing products for personalized nutrition, in which the positive effect will be as favorable as possible, is a complex and time-consuming task that is impossible without the use of modern IT solutions. One of the basic stages of designing the corresponding digital tools is the description of the functional and structural model, which is presented in this article. This model allows to consider in detail the structure of future digital tools, the input and output information of each design stage, to determine the links and dependencies between the individual components of the system. The model is based on the SADT methodology in IDEF0 and IDEF3 notations. A TOP-diagram and three levels of decomposition are presented with an emphasis on the block of optimization of the component composition. Modeling of this particular process will later serve as the basis for creating digital tools for designing healthy food products with a given composition.