Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The purpose of the study is to determine the principles for the allocation of microzones of grape plantations according to the normalized indices of satellite images within the framework of the concept of terroir (a set of optimal soil, climatic factors and terrain features for wine varietal indicators). Vineyard microzoning can be carried out according to the physical and chemical composition of the soil, temperature fields, air and soil humidity, terrain morphometry, exposure and slope grade. The use of spectral data on the state of soil, plants, and the environment makes it possible to evaluate the parameters of terroirs by difference normalized indices. In the vineyard, it is possible to distinguish micro-sites with different terroir properties, which is manifested in the growth force of the bushes, their yield capacity and the degree of ripening of the grapes (in terms of sugar, acid and pH) and is reflected in the varietal indicators of the wine. Therefore, multispectral satellite images are an objective basis for assessing and identifying vineyard micro-sites with different terroir properties. Reliable interpretation of spectral satellite images is possible in the presence of reference data on soil indicators, the growth force of bushes according to phenophases, agricultural work carried out in the vineyard and row spacing, soil and air moisture. The joint analysis of satellite and ground data allows not only to reduce the number of route and field surveys and laboratory analyzes, but also to quickly make agro-management decisions on the use of the necessary resources. To solve this problem, it is possible to use open spectral data from the Sentinel-2 and Landsat-7-8 satellite platforms with a frequency of 2 to 5 days. The presence of a direct relationship between soil moisture, leaf area and yield capacity allows to determine the optimal micro-sites of high-quality winemaking for vine plantations of one variety on the basis of normalized vegetation indices NDVI, soil moisture NDMI and others.

Annotation

The experience of using remote sensing data and geoinformation systems (next GIS) in viticulture in other countries has shown that the introduction of digital technologies for collecting, processing and using data on the conditions of soils, plants and the environment at different levels of generalization (bush, row, cell, field, farm) ensures the stability of crop production and the quality of berries for wine production. The management concept of digitalized vineyard is based on the use of analytical tools and specialized databases. The article discusses the possibilities of GIS Policy 5 for vineyards. The introduction of GIS for the digitalization of grape plantations will allow solving many tasks: determining the boundaries of grape plots; creating digital passports (legends) of vineyards based on technological maps linked to an electronic map; obtaining a multi-layered territorial parametric model of the area in which the vineyard grows; to simulate climatic 8-11 summer cycles, the probability of frosts, prolonged spring, droughts, hail and other extreme weather events in a given area and to what extent it can affect vineyards at different stages of vegetation; to model the role of landscape characteristics in the formation of relief, climate, soils, weather (temperature changes, soil freezing); to model the hydrological regime of the territory; to model soil characteristics, for example, the presence of active calcium, the level of basic nutrients after fertilization for 3-5 years; to develop optimal planting schemes depending on landscape, soil and climatic conditions by digital layers. The solution of these and a number of other tasks based on digitalization will ensure the sustainable development of the viticulture industry, stable harvest and the quality of viticulture products in modern conditions.

Annotation

This article presents the results of research breeding work carried out in 2022. As a result, 300 seedlings were obtained, which are currently planted in a permanent place on a hybrid plot. 20 combinations of crosses were carried out, ten of which were made to obtain new high-quality technical varieties with high quality of final products and resistant to the main biotic and abiotic stressors. Ten more combinations were carried out in order to obtain high-quality large-berry a nd seedless table varieties with an early ripening period. As a result of crosses, 4,500 seeds were obtained. 3 hybrid forms of grapes of average ripening period, average growth strength, high-yielding and tolerant to phylloxera have been allocated to the elite. As a result of the mechanical analysis, it was found that the studied hybrids are slightly superior in the mechanical composition of the bunches to the control variety. As a result of chemical analysis, it was found that elite hybrid forms have high sugar accumulation and optimal acidity compared to the control variety, as well as a high content of phenolic substances along with a low presence of nitrogenous substances in the must. These hybrids are promising for further study. In 2022, technical grape varieties Varvarovskiy and Garmoniya were included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements of the Russian Federation approved for use. In addition, 5 sources of valuable traits were identified among grape varieties, including: large�berry � 2 varieties � Yubiley Moldavii and Kobzar, and seedless � 3 varieties - Ruby Sedlless, Assol and Lotos. Some of them were used in crosses to create new varieties, clones and hybrids of grapes, providing increased stability of agrocenosis and stability of fruiting.

Annotation

The article presents the results of agrobiological and physiological-biochemical studies to ensure the stability of grape plantations in unstable weather conditions and anthropogenic intensification of production. Studies in the agroecological conditions of the Krasnodar region on the southern chernozems revealed the most productive norm of loading of grape bushes with shoots for the technical varieties Kurchanskiy, Dmitriy, Vladimir, Granatovyi, Antaris and Alkor, on leached chernozems � for the table seedless variety Centennial Seedless. According to the results of electrophoretic separation of peroxidases in polyacrylamide gel and an increased content of ascorbic acid, increased frost resistance was established in the varieties Kristall, Vostorg, Krasnostop AZOS. The Vostorg and Zarif varieties proved to be more adaptive to the stresses of the summer period in terms of leaf hydration, bound water content, the ratio of chlorophylls and carotenoids, the amount of proline and water-soluble sugars, membrane permeability. The role of physiologically active substances in increasing the adaptive potential of grape plants has been established. The treatment of Merlot vines with methyl jasmonate and epibrassinolide during deep dormancy period, as well as proline, salicylic acid and epibrassinolide during induced dormancy period had a positive effect on the condition of the vine: there was a decrease in electrolyte yield. Sustainable grape cultivation is achieved with the systemic use of the �Bioconcentrate-Z� effluent by the non-root method. Against the background of nonroot treatments of Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon varieties, a higher level of plant water supply, an increase in potassium content, green pigments, organic acids and grape yields were established. Physiologically active compounds and the preparation Turinbash have a positive effect in intensive own-root plantations of native and promising introduced grape varieties against the background of phylloxera infection in the southern part of Dagestan. The created yield forecasting method based on the NDVI of the grape plant and the actual data of multispectral images of the phenophases of flowering and growth allows to increase the accuracy of the calculated yield capacity to the actual one with a deviation from 0 to 0.8 kg per bush, the accuracy of the forecast increases by 2 times by the end of the growth phase and by the beginning of the maturation phase.