Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Construction of plantings, forming of crown
In this work we have the purpose: to estimate the efficiency of use of resources of radiation and moisture in the ampelocenoses with different structure of plantings and architecture of plants. The article studies some physiological effects of plant productivity in vineyards with different plantation structure and plant architecture. It has been established that the receipt of photosynthetic active radiation under the conditions of South-ern Ukraine contents of 4,5-7,7 MJ/m2/day during vegetation. Depending of vineyard structure and plant architecture the absorption of photosynthetic active radiation is within the range from 33-59 GJ/ha/day; the use of water for transpire we concluded that the high values of absorbed photosynthetic active radiation's coefficient and coefficient of transpiration established in vineyards with surface of nutrition 3 x 1,25 m, especially on low horizontal cordon and Guyot bi-lateral. A method of evaluation of the arrival and the use of plants of photosynthetic active radiation allows us at relatively low labor expenses effort to identify the physiological criterions of grapes productivity and to reveal the efficiency of the productive process of ampelocenoses, including the use of the resources of radiation and water. The development of optimization criterions of radiation modes, depending on the factors of moisture will allow us at the stage of design decision, taking into account the varietal composition, the feeding area of plants, the formation of bushes and tendril, to create the ampelocenoses with maximum of efficiency of use of natural resources. Regulation of productivity of grapes plantations, on the basis of photometric characteristics of the crown of grapes plants will bring the yield capacity to potential opportunity of plants with the great efficiency.
Biological features of grapes plants, their selective insistence to temperature condition, and especially to minimal air temperatures, limit an area of its growth. Cultivation of plantings under severe climatic conditions is followed by deterioration of grapes quality, damage of separate bodies of plants up to full death of bushes. Under these conditions the problem of formation of steady ampelocenoses and prevention of sparse grapes planting is actual. For providing an objective assessment of vineyards condition the object is to develop a technique of definition of sparse grapes plantings, and carrying out of monitoring with high precision. As object of research were used the most wide spread grapes plantings in the North Caucasus Region, including the largest producers as Krasnodar Region, Republic of Dagestan, Stavropol Region and others. Scientifically reasonable method of definition of sparse grapes plantings is presented in the article. When developing a method for reliable inspection of orchardsfor sparseplanting the selective accountsin the each row and with an interval through 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20 rows are carried out.Presentability of selectionfor carryingout of accountsis determined by a difference of sparse indicators in the plantings receivedin the selective rowsand in an each row. It is establishedthat in the process of reductionof quantity of selective rowsfor calculation the mistake graduallyincreases.The results of the carriedoutresearch have shown-thatfor scientifically based inspection of vineyards for sparseplantings with highprecision,at a sign toleranceto 5%, the accounts needto be carriedout with an intervalthrough five grapes rows,and sixth rowshould beconsideredas a rowthatneed calculation.
The main grapes production in the Russian Federation are concentrated under an unstable weather conditions of moderate continental climate of the South of Russia. However, it is known when there is the deviation of habitat conditions from the optimal values, the grapes plants are in the stress, the processes of differentiation of embryonic inflorescences are broken, the productive zone of the shoots carrying the potential harvest of grapes is replaced. Under these conditions the special agronomic solutions to manage the stress resistance of vineyards are required. The purpose of this work is to establish the regularities of changes in the embryonic fruiting and to optimize the parameters of the pruning length of the grapes shoots. The object of the study is the most common grapes variety of Aligoté. The study were carried out in the different agrical-ecological zones of covered and not covered viticulture under the unstable weather conditions of moderate continental climate of the South of Russia. Embryonic grapes fruitage was determined in a period of deep (physiological) retire, using the microscopy method of central wintering buds on the shoots. Long-term observations show that the embryonic fruiting of Aligote grapes depends not only on the temperature conditions of cultivating place, it was also noted the variation of this ratio along the length of the shoot. In the process of our research the regularities of changes in the embryonic fruiting are found and the regulation of pruning length of Aligote grapes with the determination of the optimal length of shoots are optimized. According to the obtained results the coefficient of the embryonic fruitfulness of studied cultivars varies from 1.30 to 1.47 and has a close dependence on average daily temperature. Based on the results of the experiment we concluded that plantations of Aligote grapes will have the greatest economic productivity when the shoots pruning of plants is on 9 buds.
The most accurate criterion for determining of the length of the grapes shoots pruning is the productive zone of the embryonic inflorescences. To obtain a high yield when pruning, it is necessary to leave the area of shoot with the maximum number of embryonic flower clusters and to remove the less productive zone. Productive zone of the embryonic inflorescences varies according to the length of the shoot and depends on the biology of the species. Pruning, maintaining the productive zones of the shoots race, contributes to the solution of the actual problem for the providing of stable development of the viticulture industry. The aim of this work is to found the conformity to natural lows of embryonic inflorescences forming and to optimize the pruning length of shoots of Pervenets Magaracha grapes. Long study in the field (for 11 years) has carried out under the unstable weather conditions of moderate continental climate of the South of Russia in the central viticulture zone of Krasnodar Region. The object of research is the technical grapes of Pervenets Magaracha. Embryonic fruiting of plants was determined in a period of plants deep rest by microscopy of central wintering buds on the shoots of the grapes. The research re-vealed the conformity to natural lows of differentiated forming embryonic inflorescences along the shoots length of the studied grapes varieties. The fruiting coefficient (K1) of embryonic shoots in the central buds varied by years in the range of 0.8 to 1.78, the productivity coefficient (K2)varied from 1,37 to 1,52. On average for the 11 years of observation, these indicators are, respectively, 1.4 and 1.6. It is shown that the number of embryonic inflorescences and also the coefficients of fructification and fruitfulness increase when the bads are far from the base of the shoots. The highest values of the coefficients are in the area of 9-10 buds. To get the most fruitage of Pervenets Magaracha grapes it is recommended the long pruning of fruit shoots for 10 buds.
The most important criterions for optimizing the construction parameters of the orchard are the level of technogenic loads, the payback period of capital investments, the productivity of trees through the use of special systems for the formation of crowns, etc. For the current level of development of the fruit growing industry, the urgency of creating fruit trees with a leaf canopy that actively uses light and assimilates PhAR by method of surgical treatment of the crown is due, first of all, to the economic aspect of organizing stable fruits production in an unstable environment. The solution of this task in 2015-2017 the works on the implementation of a resource-saving control system elaborated in the NCRRIH&V for the stereometric parameters of "crown-row" in the conditions of the foothill zone of the Western Ciscaucasia in young orchards of the middle-apple tree of the winter ripening was devoted. The object of research is the apple-tree of 2012 landing on the MM106 rootstock of the Aidared, Renet Simirenko, Golden Delishes varieties in the industrial plantations of the "Sady Predgoria" (Seversky District, Krasnodar Territory) in gray forest-steppe soils. The introduction of the formation system "crown-row" was carried out in 2013. For 4 years after planting, the plantation structure already had the appearance of a continuous series of trees, the crowns of which were a single structural unit. As a result of the works on the introduction of the system for the formation of the "crown-row" apple-tree in the foothill zone of the Krasnodar Territory, a rational design of apple tree plantations was established on a mid-growth rootstock, which makes it possible to effectively increase in the level of intensification of fruit production by increasing in the density of plants, reducing the labor costs for trees cutting and sustainable growth of apple tree productivity.