Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The method of diagnostics of the cations maintenance in the tissues and bodies of fruit crops with use of system of a capillary electrophoresis is described in the article. The stated sequence of analysis stages leans methodically on known physiological and agrichemical methods of an express assessment of functional plant�s condition. The modes of sample�s preparation and the analysis of extracts are based on original techniques of an electrophoresis method of research of vegetative plant�s bodies. Optimum terms of samples selection and carrying out of analysis are indicated. The terms of samples selection are dated for vegetation phases. The method allows to estimate the level of activity of exchange processes of an apple-tree with fertilizers use. The results of diagnose of ensuring of weak growing fructifying apple-tree by mobile forms of the basic mineral elements, including application of the organic and mineral non-chlorine fertilizers of the prolonged action are given at the field stationary experiments. It is established that with application of the organic and mineral feeding the maintenance of mobile forms of potassium is on 2,3-22,5% higher, than on control (without fertilizers). The increase of maintenance of calcium mineral forms on 48,2% at application of fertilizers is noted in June, during period of summer recession of activity of apple-tree�s growth processes. The feeding by organic and mineral fertilizers promoted the increase in the maintenance of mobile forms of magnesium from 5,7 to 22,5% in the apple-tree leaves on various phases of plant�s development.

Annotation

The study of the nutrition regime of fruit plants by means of the analysis of indicators organs is a traditional method in agrochemistry, aimed at optimizing the methods of fertilizers application. The nature of the research is due to the increase in precision of modern fertilizer application technologies and the improvement of the fruit crop cultivation system. For this reason, we con-tinued the study of the apple nutrition re-gime on the weakly grown rootstock of domestic breeding in connection with the application of various types a nd doses of fertilizers. The problem of optimizing the mineral nutrition of apple trees for SK4 rootstock in a seasonal development cycle was studied in 2014-2017 on an example of Prikubanskoe variety. The experiments were carried out in the central zone of the region (EPF Tsentralnoe, Krasnodar) using standard methods and GOSTs. For the main application to the soil, the organomineral fertilizer "Universal" was applied, annual foliar fertilizing was made with the complex fertilizer "Akvarin" of various types in the spring-summer period. It is established that the reserve in the garden soil of the available compounds of elements against the background of fertilization and top dressing contributed to their more active consumption by plants. The dynamics of changes in the content of macro- and microelements in the apple-tree leaves during the formation of the crop depended on the fertilizers used and the area of tree nutrition. The yield capacity in some years increased by 65,0 % with the scheme of trees planting 4,5 x 0,9 m and 53,2 % with the scheme 4,5 x 1,2 m. The data obtained indicate the sufficient responsiveness of the studied variety-rootstock apple combination for additional mineral nutrition, and the efficiency of this measure is higher in the garden area with a tree den-sity of 4.5 x 0.9 m.

Annotation

The increase of anthropogenic load on the farmland soil is connected with process of production intensification. There is a need for accumulation and systematization of soil and agric-chemical indicators of lands under a garden monoculture. We researched the contents of macro- and microelements (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B) of a gray forest-steppe soil of a foothill zone of the Western Ciscaucasia in the fruit garden. Research are carried out by means of standard techniques and State standard specifications. The maintenance of mobile forms of microelements is defined in an extract of acetate-ammonium buffer, the definitions were carried out using the nuclear and emission spectrophotometer Optima 2100 DV. It is established that for the concrete water and thermal mode of the region, in the borders of a garden of landing 2012, the content of organic substance, exchanging cations and the indicators of soil solution acidity is typical for this subtype of chernozems. It is defined that the content and distribution of mobile forms of basic mineral elements in the garden soil are characterized by low supply of mineral nitrogen, phosphorus and average potassium ensuring, thus the maintenance of elements considerably decreases down a soil profile. The analysis of experimental data shows that the spreading of mobile forms of manganese and zinc in the garden borders considerably varies, the average indexes of content of copper mobile forms have the close values. The considerable distinctions within one horizon on different elements of a garden relief are revealed. Essential distinctions are shown in the content of water-soluble borum within the analyzed soil horizons, at close average values of the layers contents. Distribution of the mobile iron forms in the studied soil profile increases with depth, but there is a considerable variation of quantitative indicator's values within the soil horizons.

Annotation

The role of chemical diagnostics of plants nutrition increases in connection with expansion of the range of the special complex mineral fertilizers used for foliar application. This fact assumes a continuation of system research in the field of identification of optimal parameters of the elements maintenance in the indicator plants organs in interrelation with productivity. We carried out the research directed on identification of dynamics and parameters of macro- and microelements content in the leaves of fruit-bearing apple-tree depending on a stage of individual plants development and constructional features of an agric cenosis. The object of research are an apple-tree of Prikubanskoye and Rennet Simirenko on M9 and CK4 rootstocks, with the different scheme of trees placement. Study of dynamics of an apple-tree nutritious mode was carried out using the standard techniques. The maintenance of microelements was determined using the nuclear and emission Optima 2100 DV spectrophotometer. It is established that for an apple-tree in the age period of fruitage the dynamics of the basic mineral elements maintenance is characterized by decrease in the indexes (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium) and reduction of their values range. During the second half of vegetation, when trees placement is more dense in a garden (4,5 x 0,9 m), the higher content of calcium, iron, manganese in the leaves was observed. For an apple-tree in the age period of fruitage, when trees food area reduces from 10 sq.m to 7,5 sq.m the high content in the leaves of phosphorus, calcium and magnesium is observed. The received experimental material will become a basis for establishment of interrelations in a system "soil � perennial plant", and also for development of the differentiated system of an apple-tree fertilizer.

Annotation

The results of studying the influence of non-root top-dressing fertilizers target action, in combination with bioactive agents on the formation of physiologically highly active leave apparatus and growth processes of young apple plants in the orchard nursery are presented.