Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The improvement of the organization and planning of the field experiment with fertilizers is due to a significant expansion of the range of agrochemicals and insufficiently detailed reflecting of setting up experiments issues with the use of special fertilizers in the nursery that was set out in the �Program and methodology of varietal studies of fruit, berry and nut crops�. Moreover, a high level of intensification of the modern production technologies development is required to clarify the agrochemical aspects of laying stationary experiments and to increase the reliability of the experimental results obtained by using of high-quality planting material, new complex special fertilizers and biologically active substances. The author's novelty of the approaches to the formulation of experiments with fertilizer described in the article is due to the elements of the method tested for the first time when laying a stationary experiment in the second field of the nursery on apple seedlings of the Gala and Champion varieties. The stages of laying the experiment are defined by the site reconnaissance, soil and agrochemical survey with the use of generally accepted methods and GOST Standards, the principle of selecting accounting plants, and the development of a phytomonitoring program using modern mobile equipment. To identify the effectiveness of foliar fertilizing of plants in the nursery, the method of leaf analysis is proposed. The terms and quantity of selected plant samples are regulated. Analyses of plant material are carried out in accordance with generally accepted and original methods. It is recommended to store experimental data in an electronic journal for preliminary digital processing and statistical evaluation using the Microsoft Office Excel program. The form of the electronic journal depends on the volume information. For statistical evaluation of the results of the experiment with the number of repetitions no more than 4, the method of B.A. Dospekhov is recommended, which allows to use the data obtained in the experiment in a reasoned way, is recommended.

Annotation

The material presented in the article characterizes the seasonal dynamics of the chemical composition of apples on application of foliar dressing of water solutions of special complex fertilizers. The relevance of the research is related to the problem of forming a balanced chemical composition of fruits intended for long-term storage in the conditions of abiotic stresses of the spring-summer period. The main aim of the work is to identify the seasonal dynamics of the formation of the chemical composition of the intensive apple varieties fruits of the NCFSCHVW breeding due to leaf-feeding dressing and its dependence on the nutritional quality of crop. The field experiment was conducted n 2016-2018 in the central zone of the Krasnodar region (experimental production farm "Centralnoye", Krasnodar) in fruit-bearing apple plantations of varieties Prikubanskoe and Renet Kubanskiy grafted on rootstock SK4 and which were planted in 2009.As a result of studies, it was revealed that the use of leaf-feeding dressing with nutrient salts contributed to the activation of biological processes and the stabilization of the plants functional state of against the background of abiotic stresses in these edaphoclimatic conditions of the region. The relationship between the nutritional quality of the apple tree and the chemical composition of the fruits is determined. Seasonal changes in the quality of crop nutrition under the influence of a special agricultural method had a significant impact on the content of nitrogen, calcium, potassium and magnesium in the growing apple fruits. The analysis of the fruits mineral balance, which determines their suitability for long-term storage in the refrigerator, did not reveal a negative effect of plant treatments with water solutions of nutrient salts on the keeping properties of apples. Highly marketable production yield in the variant with the use of foliar dressing significantly exceeded the number of fruits of higher and first commercial varieties in the control version.

Annotation

Conceptual basis of integrated management strategies of soil fertility parameters under monoculture gardens is based on data from agrochemical and biological monitoring, information comparative analysis and decision-making to prevent acceleration of the nutrient cycle, loss of humus, enhancement of the soil fatigue processes, biodiversity loss, etc. The article contains materials that characterize the levels of the major agrochemical indicators of two types of garden soil, the abundance of major groups of the saprotrophic microbial complex of the soil agricultural horizon, the results of a study of the colonies ammonification bacteria morphology, the dominance specific of different kinds of micromycetes genera, computations of variability in the abundance of morpho-physiological groups of soil microbial complex. The experimental material was obtained in field experiments of two agro-climatic zones of the Krasnodar region: subtropical and central. The object of the study was samples of agrogenically altered brown forest soils and structural-metamorphic agrozem (leached chernozem), which were different in terms of anthropogenic load: perennial and "young" soil deposit, the soil under the garden monoculture. According to the results of analyses, the soils of two agroclimatic zones with a range of pH values from faintly acidic to neutral were generally characterized by comparable values of the abundance of microorganisms groups. A lower content of prokaryotic microorganisms (bacteria and actinomycetes) in chernozem was found in comparison with brown forest soils. The study of the morphology of ammonifying bacteria colonies showed a difference in the species composition of the bacteriocenosis of the studied types of garden soils. The dominance of bacteria colonies of smaller forms in brown forest soils, and large forms in chernozem, with a wrinkled and folded surface, was revealed. It was found that representatives of the genus Mucor developed abundantly in the leached chernozem in areas with different anthropogenic loads (in the "young" soil deposit and the soil under the horticultural garden). In addition, fungi of the genus Rhizoctonia were dominated and, probably, it was caused due to soil fatigue, and it requires further study.

Annotation

The search for special agricultural methods for preserving biodiversity and increasing the effective fertility of chernozem soils in the conditions of monoculture of the orchard is relevant. The development of problem solving biotechnological methods is based on the study of the dynamics of the pattern of changes in soil fertility factors when using show-release biomineral fertilizers. The article presents the results of agrochemical monitoring of leached chernozem in the orchard in connection with the application of biomodified organomineral fertilizer. The main aim of the research was to study the aftereffect f biomineral fertilizer on the soil and the generative function of the apple trees varieties Prikubanskoe and Renet Kubanskiy (Scientific Institution "North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Wine-making" breeding) on the rootstock SK4. It was found that the use of fertilizers did not contribute to an increase in the actual soil acidity. There were also no significant differences between the variants "control, without fertilizers" and "application of organomineral fertilizer" in terms of total soil acidity. Against the background of the application of organomineral fertilizer, the content of exchangeable calcium increased to values of 26.8-30.1 mmol/100 g, which, presumably, created favorable conditions for the development of aerobic microorganisms and the absorption of the element by the apple tree roots. A higher activity of the biological process of nitrogen mineralization was revealed against the background of the introduction of organomineral fertilizer enriched in the culture of rhizosphere bacteria. The new conditions formed in the soil contributed to the strengthening of the nitrification activity of the soil. Under conditions of intensive monoculture, the content of mobile phosphorus in the soil decreased six years after the experiment establishment. Higher limits of the phosphorus content are defined in the variant with the application of fertilizers. For leached chernozem under monoculture conditions without fertilization, a tendency to the destruction of humic substances was revealed mainly in the soil layer of 0-20 cm. Against the background of the use of organomineral fertilizer, the humus level in the soil layer of 0-20 cm in a year and six after the experiment establishment is higher than in the control variant by 12.6 and 38.7%, respectively, which is probably related to the content of humic compounds in the fertilizer. The changes in the dynamics of soil and agrochemical indicators against the background of the introduction of show-release biomodified organomineral fertilizer correlated with a higher level of apple trees yield of the Prikubanskoe and Renet Kubanskiy varieties in comparison with the control variant.

Annotation

Under the conditions of the Western-foothill subzone of the Krasnodar Territory in the industrial plantations LLC �Gardens of the Foothills�, the effect of foliar top dressing of apple trees by special complex of aminoacids and nutrition saults the content of photosynthetic pigments in the leaves has been studied. The object of research is an apple-tree on MM106 a rootstock of Idared, Rennet Simirenko, Golden Delishes of 2012 landing. In the beginning of blossoming, the trees were treated with fertilizer containing boron and amino acids. In May, the leaf treatments with an aqueous solution of liquid mineral fertilizers of the composition CaO and N were made. In June, the apple trees were treated with an aqueous solution of special complex mineral fertilizers of N18P18K18 + 2Mg + 1.5S. An analysis of the hydrothermal factors dynamics in the spring-summer period re-vealed a prolonged negative effect the plants of a complex of abiotic stressors. Against this background, the morpho-anatomical structure of leaves treated with aqueous solutions of organic-mineral fertilizers was studied. A significant thickening of the leaf sheet is revealed due to a significant increase in the palisade layer of the leaf mesophyll (from 2.6 to 9.9 %, depending on the variety), containing the main amount of chloroplasts. The size of the leaf sheet increased in 7.1-41.0 %. Spectral analysis of the leaves revealed a significant increase in the number of functional pigments for the all studied apple varieties with the use of foliar top dressing (by 2.1-18.9 %, depending on the variety), which contributed to the enhancement of plant assimilation activity. The content of green pigments correlated with the content of monosaccharides (fructose, glucose) in the leaves: k = 0.56-0.58. The trend continued through all period of study. Thus, the use of apple plants top dressing with organic and mineral fertilizers containing macro-, microelements and a complex of amino acids in a spring-summer period allows you to regulate the intensity of photosynthesis at the anatomical, morphological and physiological levels.